President of Peru
President of Peru
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| President of the Republic of Peru Presidente de la República del Perú | |
|---|---|
 Presidential Standard | |
 Incumbent Martín Vizcarra since March 23, 2018 | |
| Style | His Excellency |
| Residence | Palacio de Gobierno |
| Seat | Palacio de Gobierno |
| Appointer | Direct popular election |
| Term length | Five years Not eligible for re-election immediately |
| Inaugural holder | José de San Martín (de facto) José de la Riva Agüero (first to bear the title) |
| Formation | February 28, 1823 |
| Succession | Vice President |
| Deputy | Vice President of Peru |
| Website | www.presidencia.gob.pe |
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The President of Peru (Spanish: Presidente del Perú) officially called the President of the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Presidente de la República del Perú) is the head of state and head of government of Peru and represents the republic in official international matters. The president personifies the Republic of Peru, is the head of executive power, and is the supreme head of the Armed Forces and Police of Peru. His position corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country and to the highest ranking public official. Presidents de facto who assumed power through political coups are also included in this list.
The presidency of Peru can be held for a period of 5 years without immediate re-election. After a constitutional period, the president is allowed to be re-elected. A presidential inauguration is held every five years on July 28, in the Congress of Peru. The last directly elected President of Peru was Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, from July 28, 2016 to March 21, 2018, when he resigned from office. Following the traditional constitutional succession, First Vice President Martín Vizcarra, former governor of Moquegua, Minister of Transportation, and Ambassador to Canada, succeeded him in office as the 67th President of Peru, on 23 March 2018.
It corresponds, as a generic mandate, to direct the general policy of the government and the administration of the State. Although its role, title and significance have undergone changes throughout history, as well as its position and relations with the other actors of the national political organization, it has been and is the most outstanding political figure. The Political Constitution of Peru in force (1993) establishes the requirements, rights and obligations that the President of the Republic must fulfill.
The president exercises his functions from the House of Pizarro, located in the historic center of Lima, which is the Government Palace of Peru and the House of Government of Lima -mention with which official documents are dated-. This palace, occupies the same location that corresponded to the conqueror and governor, Francisco Pizarro and where later the palace of the viceroys of Peru was located.
There have been a number of presidents that have reached the presidency through a coup d'etat. The last successful coup d'état was carried out by Alberto Fujimori in 1992, who is now imprisoned for human rights violations and corruption.
Contents
1 Presidential term and transitions
1.1 Presidential symbols
1.1.1 Presidential sash
1.1.2 Grand necklace of brilliance
1.1.3 Plaque
1.1.4 Staff
2 History
3 List of Presidents of Peru
3.1 Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)
3.2 Republic of Peru (1821/1822–1836)
3.3 Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
3.3.1 Republic of North Peru (1836–1839)
3.3.2 Republic of South Peru (1836–1839)
3.4 Republic of Peru (1839–present)
3.5 Timeline
4 The Living Presidents of Peru
4.1 Alberto Fujimori
4.2 Alejandro Toledo
4.3 Ollanta Humala
4.4 Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
5 Titles and styles
6 Line of succession
7 See also
8 Notes
Presidential term and transitions[edit]
Ordinarily, presidents are elected for five-year terms, with no opportunity for immediate reelection. A former president can run again after being out of office for a full term.[1] The change of government takes place on July 28, which is the date of independence from Spain and thus a national holiday.
The current Peruvian Constitution of 1993 establishes in its article 113 that the Presidency of the Republic is vacated by:
- Death of the President of the Republic.
- His permanent moral or physical disability, declared by Congress.
- Acceptance of his resignation by Congress.
- Leaving the national territory without permission of the Congress or not returning to it within the established period.
- Dismissal, after having been sanctioned for any of the infractions mentioned in Article 117 of the Constitution.
Four presidents of Peru have resigned: Guillermo Billinghurst (forced resignation), Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Alberto Fujimori, and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.
Presidential symbols[edit]
Presidential sash[edit]
Former President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016-2018) wearing the presidential sash following his inauguration in the Congress of Peru on July 28, 2016.
The presidential band is the most distinctive feature that the President wears and has been used since the beginning of the Republic. It was inherited from the last Viceroys. The placement and delivery of the presidential sash symbolize a democratic transition of power. The band is used by the President of Congress until the new president is sworn in.
It is a bicolor band that carries the national colors (red and white). This band is worn diagonally from the right shoulder to the left side of the waist. At the waist, like a brooch, the band was embroidered in golden thread the Coat of Arms of Peru. There is a Lima family that has traditionally made them. They are made to measure for each President and have been used normally with formal suit: suit, tuxedo or military uniform. Since 2006, the Shield was moved up to chest height.
A symbolic act narrated by Ricardo Palma in his famous Peruvian Traditions was made during the confused first half of the 1840s, by President Justo Figuerola. This, in front of the protests made by the pope in front of his home, he asked his daughter to take the presidential band out of the dresser drawer and give it to the people from the balcony. The crowd left happy and alive to Figuerola and went to find someone to impose the garment, which, so many times coveted, this time did not find who wanted to stick it.
The Ministers of State wear a red-and-white sash; Supreme Members, Congressmen of the Republic, Magistrates of the Constitutional Court, Members of the National Council of the Magistracy, Supreme Prosecutors, the Ombudsman, etc., wear red-and-white collars with medals that recognize them as such.
Grand necklace of brilliance[edit]
The necklace is the symbol of the highest authority in the country. It is composed of gold and encrusted with diamonds, bearing at the center a medal that contains the Coat of Arms of Peru. Presidents Oscar R. Benavides Larrea, Manuel Prado and Ugarteche and Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero notably used the large necklace and other insignias. Its use disappeared after the administration of Fernando Belaúnde Terry. Recently its use was 'revived' by Alan García Pérez the European Union Summit held precisely in Lima in May 2008.
Plaque[edit]
Pedro Pablo Kuczynki bearing the Presidential Plaque
The President of the Republic carries a plaque in the left upper pocket of the bag in the manner of a lanyard with the insignia of the military command that recognizes him as Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces. It is the heir of the distinctive and military honors worn by presidents belonging to the Armed Forces throughout the history of the country. It is golden and has the shape of a radiant sun.
Staff[edit]
The staff originates from the Spanish custom of symbolizing power with a cane. The custom was introduced in the eighteenth century in the Andes, after the rebellion of José Gabriel Túpac Amaru and Túpac Catari in 1780 to represent the dignity of mayor of Incas. Unlike Argentina, the use of a cane that symbolizes the power and office of President (symbolically, varayoc), has not been common in the history of the Peruvian presidency and has been replaced innumerable times by the saber or the sword of the military presidents. Only a handful of cases are remarkable. Mariano Ignacio Prado, José Balta and Augusto B. Leguía used it in pictures and presidential photographs. Recently, Alejandro Toledo, made use of the cane in his symbolic assumption to the charge in Cusco and also on a few other occasions. Its most recent use corresponds to July 29, 2008, the date of the traditional military parade, when Alan García carried a small presidential staff, the same one used by Ollanta Humala in the military parade on July 29, 2011.
History[edit]
During its more than 190 years of independence, Peru has been ruled by the military leaders who fought for independence, the leaders of the War of the Pacific, representatives of the aristocracy, and democratically elected leaders. Also, the history of the presidency has involved civil wars, coups and violence. More than once, several individuals claimed the right to be president at the same time.
Different titles have been used, such as "Protector of Peru" (used by José de San Martín), and "Supreme Protector" (by Andrés de Santa Cruz).
The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as President of Peru.
List of Presidents of Peru[edit]
Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)[edit]
The Protectorate of Peru existed from August 3, 1821 until September 20, 1822.
No. | Protector (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political Party | Form of entry | Title | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | José de San Martín (1778–1850) | August 3, 1821 – September 20, 1822 | Independent | Proclaimed by open cabildo in Lima | Protector of Peru |
Republic of Peru (1821/1822–1836)[edit]
The Republic of Peru was declared on July 28, 1821 but it was constituted on September 20, 1822. It existed until August 11, 1836.
No. | President (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political Party | Form of entry | Title | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 |  | Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro (1780–1855) | September 20, 1822 – September 22, 1822 | Independent | Interim officeholder, by resignation of San Martin (as President of the First Constituent Congress of Peru) | Interim President |
| 3 4 5 6 |  | Government Junta:
| September 22, 1822 – February 27, 1823 | Independent | Elected by the Congress from among its members | Supreme Governing Board of Peru |
| 7 |  | José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marqués de Torre Tagle (1779–1825) | February 27, 1823 – February 28, 1823 | Independent | Designated by the Congress after the Balconcillo mutiny | Interim President |
| 1 |  | José de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete (1783–1853) | February 28, 1823 – June 23, 1823 | Independent | Ratified by the Congress after being imposed by the Balconcillo mutiny | Constitutional President |
| 8 |  | Francisco Valdivieso y Prada | June 23, 1823 – July 17, 1823 | Independent | Elected provisionally by the Congress to exercise power on areas not affected by the war, while Sucre assumed "military power" | Interim Head of the Government |
| 9 |  | Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá (1795–1830) | June 23, 1823 – July 17, 1823 | Independent | Elected provisionally by the Congress to exercise "military power" | Supreme Military Chief |
| 7 | | José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marqués de Torre Tagle (1779–1825) | July 17, 1823 – August 16, 1823 | Independent | Elected by the Congress, delegated by Sucre | Interim President |
| 7 | | José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marqués de Torre Tagle (1779–1825) | August 16, 1823 – February 10, 1824 | Independent | Ratified by the Congress as President (according to the new Constitution) | Constitutional President |
| 10 |  | Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (1783–1830) | February 10, 1824 – January 28, 1827 | Independent | Granted the supreme military and political authority by the Constitutional Congress | Liberator |
| 11 |  | Government Junta: Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calaumana | January 28, 1827 – June 9, 1827 | Independent | Elected by the Congress after the revolt that ended the Bolivarian regime | President of the Government Junta |
| 12 |  | Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano (1777–1850) | June 9, 1827 – August 22, 1827 | Independent | Vice President in charge of government (due to the arrival of La Mar from Guayaquil) | Interim President |
| 3 | | José de la Mar Cortázar (1778–1830) | 9 June 1827 (22 August 1827) – 7 June 1829 (20 May 1828) | Independent | Elected by the Congress | Constitutional President |
| 13 | | Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano (1777–1850) | May 20, 1828 – June 6, 1829 | Independent | Vice President in charge of government (due to the absence of La Mar during the Gran Colombia–Peru War) | Interim President |
| 14 |  | Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente (1796–1878) | June 6, 1829 – September 1, 1829 | Military | Coup d'état (in charge until the Congress elected the provisional president) | Commander-in-chief |
| 15 |  | Agustín Gamarra Messia (1785–1841) | September 1, 1829 – December 19, 1829 | Independent | Elected by the Congress | Provisional President |
| 14 | | Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente (1796–1878) | September 21, 1829 – November 25, 1829 | Military | Provisional Vice President in charge of the government (due to trip of Gamarra on the occasion of the peace settlement with Gran Colombia) | Commander-in-chief |
| 16 | | Agustín Gamarra Messia (1785–1841) | December 19, 1829 – December 20, 1833 | Independent | Direct elections | Constitutional President |
| 17 | | Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro (1780–1855) | December 20, 1833 – December 21, 1833 | Independent | President of the National Convention (Constituent Congress) (in charge until the provisional president elected by the Congress took office) | Interim President |
| 18 |  | Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada (1795–1847) | December 21, 1833 – August 11, 1836 | Independent | Elected by the National Convention (Congress) | Provisional President |
Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)[edit]
In 1836, the south of the country declared itself independent by creating the Republic of South Peru, while the north of the country became the Republic of North Peru. The two states confederated with the Republic of Bolivia to form the Peru–Bolivian Confederation on October 28, 1836. Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz served as the Supreme Protector of the Confederation. Simultaneously, the actual control of each Republic remained in the hands of their respective presidents. The Peru-Bolivian Confederation dissolved on August 25, 1839.
No. | Supreme Protector (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political Party | Title | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | | Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calaumana (1792–1865) | February 7, 1836 (October 28, 1836) – August 25, 1839 (February 20, 1839) | Independent | Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation |
Republic of North Peru (1836–1839)[edit]
The Republic of North Peru existed from August 11, 1836 until August 25, 1839.
No. | President (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political Party | Title | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | | Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada (1795–1847) | August 21, 1837 – July 30, 1838 | Independent | Constitutional President |
| 19 | | José de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete (1783–1858) | August 1, 1838 – January 24, 1839 | Independent | Constitutional President |
Republic of South Peru (1836–1839)[edit]
The Republic of South Peru existed from March 17, 1836 until August 25, 1839.
No. | President (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political Party | Title | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 |  | Ramón Herrera y Rodado (1799–1882) | September 17, 1837 – October 12, 1838 | Independent | Constitutional President |
| 21 |  | Juan Pío de Tristán y Moscoso (1773–1859) | October 12, 1838 – February 23, 1839 | Independent | Constitutional President |
Republic of Peru (1839–present)[edit]
The Republic of Peru was reestablished on August 25, 1839.
No. | President (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political Party | Form of entry | Title | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22 | | Agustín Gamarra Messia (1785–1841) | August 25, 1838 – August 15, 1839 | Military | Proclaimed by open cabildo in Lima | President of the Republic |
| August 15, 1839 – July 10, 1840 | Appointed by the General Congress of Huancayo | Provisional President | ||||
| July 10, 1840 – November 18, 1841 (†) | Direct elections | Constitutional President | ||||
| 23 |  | Manuel Menéndez Gorozabel (1793–1847) | November 18, 1841 – August 16, 1842 | Independent | Constitutional succession (as Vice President) | Provisional President |
| 24 |  | Juan Crisóstomo Torrico González (1808–1875) | August 16, 1842 – August 20, 1842 | Military | Self-proclamation | Commander-in-chief |
| 25 |  | Juan Bautista de Lavalle y Zugasti (1782-1851) | August 20, 1842 – October 20, 1842 | Independent | Took over the government as President of the Council of Ministers | Interim President |
| 26 |  | Juan Francisco de Vidal La Hoz (1800–1863) | October 20, 1842 – March 15, 1843 | Military | Self-proclamation (assumed the power after defeating Torrico in the battle of Agua Santa) | President of the Republic |
| 27 |  | Justo Figuerola de Estrada (1771–1854) | March 15, 1843 – March 19, 1843 | Independent | Provisional President | |
| 28 |  | Eleuterio Aramburú | March 19, 1843 – March 21, 1843 | Military | Took over the government as commander of the garrison of Lima | Interim President |
| 29 |  | José Rufino Echenique (1808–1887) | March 21, 1843 – March 27, 1843 | Military | Took over the government as Prefect of Lima | Interim President |
| 30 |  | Juan Antonio Pezet (1809–1879) | March 27, 1843 – April 7, 1843 | Military | Assumed the power on behalf of Vivanco | Interim President |
| 31 |  | Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco Iturralde (1806–1873) | April 7, 1843 – June 17, 1844 | Military | Self-proclamation | Supreme Director of the Republic |
| 32 |  | Domingo Nieto y Márquez (1803–1844) | September 3, 1843 – February 17, 1844 (†) | Military | Self-proclamation (starting the constitutionalist revolution against Vivanco) | President of the Supreme Provisional Governing Junta |
| 33 |  | Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (1797–1867) | February 17, 1844 – December 11, 1844 | Military | Replaced Nieto as President of the Junta | President of the Supreme Provisional Governing Junta |
| 34 |  | Domingo Elías Carbajo (1805–1867) | November 30, 1843 – June 17, 1844 | Independent | Assumed the power on behalf of Vivanco (as Prefect of Lima) | Interim President |
| June 17, 1844 – August 10, 1844 | Self-proclamation in Lima (ignoring the authority of Vivanco) | Commander-in-chief | ||||
| 27 | | Justo Figuerola de Estrada (1771–1854) | August 10, 1844 – October 7, 1844 | Independent | Provisional President | |
| 23 | | Manuel Menéndez Gorozabel (1793–1847) | October 7, 1844 – April 20, 1845 | Independent | Transitional constitutional succession (as First Vice-President of the Council of State) | Provisional President |
| 33 | | Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (1797–1867) | April 20, 1845 – April 20, 1851 | Military | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic (the first President of Peru to complete his full term of office) |
| 35 | | José Rufino Echenique Benavente (1808–1887) | April 20, 1851 – January 5, 1855 | Military | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 33 | | Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (1797–1867) | February 1854 – January 5, 1855 | Military | Self-proclamation (in southern and central parts of the country) | Interim President |
| 36 |  | José Miguel Medina (1804-1884) | July 17, 1854 – January 5, 1855 | Military | Assumed the power on behalf of Echenique (as President of the Council of State) | Head of the Executive Branch |
| 33 | | Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (1797–1867) | January 5, 1855 – October 24, 1857 | Military | Self-proclamation (assumed the power after defeating Echenique in the battle of La Palma) | Provisional President of the Republic |
| 37 |  | José Maria Raygada y Gallo (1795–1859) | April 2, 1857 – July 28, 1858 | Military | Took over the government as President of the Council of Ministers | Commander-in-chief |
| 31 |  | Miguel de San Román y Meza (1802–1863) | July 28, 1858 – October 24, 1858 | Military | Assumed the power on behalf of Castilla (as President of the Council of Ministers) | Commander-in-chief |
| 33 | | Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (1797–1867) | October 24, 1858 – October 24, 1862 | Military | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 38 |  | Juan Manuel del Mar (1805–1862) | September 29, 1859 – March 21, 1860 | Independent | Assumed the power on behalf of Castilla (as Vice President) | Head of the Executive Branch |
| 31 | | Miguel de San Román y Meza (1802–1863) | October 24, 1862 – April 3, 1863 (†) | Military | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 33 | | Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (1797–1867) | April 3, 1863 – April 9, 1863 | Military | Self-proclamation | Head of the Executive Branch |
| 39 |  | Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho (1815–1893) | April 9, 1863 – August 5, 1863 | Military | Provisional succession (as Second Vice President) | Commander-in-chief |
| 30 | | Juan Antonio Pezet Rodríguez (1809–1879) | August 5, 1863 – November 6, 1865 | Military | Constitutional succession (as First Vice President) | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 39 | | Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho (1815–1893) | November 6, 1865 – November 28, 1865 | Military | Provisional president | |
| 40 |  | Mariano Ignacio Prado Ochoa (1825–1901) | November 28, 1865 – February 15, 1867 | Military | Self-proclamation | Commander-in-chief of the Republic |
| February 15, 1867 – August 31, 1867 | Designated by Congress | Provisional President of the Republic | ||||
| August 31, 1867 – January 5, 1868 | Designated by Congress and direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic | ||||
| 41 |  | Luis La Puerta de Mendoza (1811–1896) | October 12, 1867 – January 8, 1868 | Military | Assumed the power on behalf of Prado (as President of the Council of Ministers) | Head of the Executive Branch |
| 39 | | Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho (1815–1893) | September 23, 1867 – January 7, 1868 | Military | Self-proclamation in Arequipa | Head of the Executive Branch |
| 42 |  | Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente (1796–1878) | January 7, 1868 – January 8, 1868 | Military | Presidential designation (as President of the Council of Ministers) | Provisional president |
| 43 |  | Francisco Diez Canseco (1821–1884) | January 8, 1868 – January 22, 1868 | Military | Head of the Government | |
| 39 | | Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho (1815–1893) | January 22, 1868 – August 2, 1868 | Military | Constitutional succession (recognized in Cabildo Abierto de Lima) | Provisional president |
| 44 |  | José Balta y Montero (1814–1872) | August 2, 1868 – July 22, 1872 (July 26, 1872 [†]) | Military | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 45 |  | Tomás Gutiérrez (died 1872) | July 22, 1872 – July 26, 1872 (†) | Military | Coup d'état | Supreme Leader of the Republic |
| 43 | | Francisco Diez Canseco (1821–1884) | July 26, 1872 – July 27, 1872 | Military | Provisional succession (as Second Vice President of Balta) | Interim President |
| 46 |  | Mariano Herencia Zevallos (1820–1873) | July 27, 1872 – August 2, 1872 | Military | Constitutional succession (as First Vice President of Balta) | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 47 |  | Manuel Pardo y Lavalle (1834–1878) | August 2, 1872 – August 2, 1876 | Civilista Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 40 | | Mariano Ignacio Prado Ochoa (1825–1901) | August 2, 1876 – December 18, 1879 | Civilista Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 41 | | Luis La Puerta de Mendoza (1811–1896) | May 16, 1879 – December 2, 1879 | Civilista Party | First Vice President (served on behalf of Prado) | Head of the Executive Branch |
| December 18, 1879 – December 23, 1879 | Constitutional succession | Transitional President of the Republic | ||||
| 48 |  | Nicolás de Piérola Villena (1839–1913) | December 23, 1879 – January 15, 1881 | Independent | Self-proclamation | Commander-in-chief |
| July 29, 1881 – November 28, 1881 | Appointed by the National Assembly of Ayacucho | Provisional President | ||||
| 49 |  | Francisco García Calderón Landa (1834–1905) | March 12, 1881 – July 10, 1881 | Independent | Elected by open cabildo in Magdalena | Provisional President of the Republic |
| July 10, 1881 – September 28, 1881 (November 6, 1881) | Ratified by the Congress of Chorrillos | |||||
| 50 |  | Lizardo Montero Flores (1832–1905) | September 28, 1881 – October 28, 1883 | Civilista Party | Constitutional succession (oath before the Judicial Court of Cajamarca) | Provisional President of the Republic |
| 51 |  | Miguel Iglesias Pino de Arce (1830–1909) | August 31, 1882 – December 30, 1882 | Military | Self-proclamation in Cajamarca (Grito de Montán) | Commander-in-chief |
| December 30, 1882 – March 1, 1884 | Elected by the Assembly of the North (Cajamarca) | Regenerating President | ||||
| March 1, 1884 – December 3, 1885 | Ratified by the Constituent Assembly | Provisional President of the Republic | ||||
| 52 |  | Andrés Avelino Cáceres Dorregaray (1836–1923) | July 16, 1884 – August 3, 1885 | Military | Self-proclamation (central part of the country) | Self-proclaimed President |
| 53 |  | Antonio Arenas Merino (1808–1891) | December 3, 1885 – June 3, 1886 | Independent | In charge of the Congress (as President of the Council of Ministers) | President of the Provisional Government Junta |
| 52 | | Andrés Avelino Cáceres Dorregaray (1836–1923) | June 3, 1886 – August 10, 1890 | Constitutional Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 54 |  | Remigio Morales Bermúdez (1836–1894) | August 10, 1890 – April 1, 1894 (†) | Constitutional Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 55 |  | Justiniano Borgoño Castañeda (1836–1921) | April 1, 1894 – August 10, 1894 | Constitutional Party | Constitutional succession (as Second Vice President) | Transitional President of the Republic |
| 52 | | Andrés Avelino Cáceres Dorregaray (1836–1923) | August 10, 1894 – March 20, 1895 | Constitutional Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 56 |  | Manuel Candamo Iriarte (1841–1904) | March 20, 1895 – September 8, 1895 | Independent | Transitional designation | President of the Provisional Government Junta |
| 48 | | Nicolás de Piérola Villena (1839–1913) | September 8, 1895 – September 8, 1899 | Democratic Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 57 |  | Eduardo López de Romaña Alvizuri (1847–1912) | September 8, 1899 – September 8, 1903 | Civilista Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 56 | | Manuel Candamo Iriarte (1841–1904) | September 8, 1903 – April 18, 1904 (May 7, 1904 [†]) | Civilista Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 58 |  | Serapio Calderón Lazo de la Vega (1843–1922) | April 18, 1904 – May 7, 1904 | Civilista Party | Second Vice President (appointed due to the illness of Candamo) | Head of the Executive Branch |
| May 7, 1904 – September 24, 1904 | Constitutional succession (sworn in following the death Candamo) | Constitutional President of the Republic | ||||
| 59 |  | José Pardo y Barreda (1864–1947) | September 24, 1904 – September 24, 1908 | Civilista Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 60 |  | Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo (1863–1932) | September 24, 1908 – September 24, 1912 (1st term) | Civilista Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 61 |  | Guillermo Billinghurst Angulo (1851–1915) | September 24, 1912 – February 4, 1914 | Democratic Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 62 |  | Óscar R. Benavides Larrea (1876–1945) | February 4, 1914 – May 15, 1914 | Military | Coup d'état | President of the Government Junta |
| May 15, 1914 – August 18, 1915 | Ratified by Congress | Provisional President of the Republic | ||||
| 59 | | José Pardo y Barreda (1864–1947) | August 18, 1915 – July 4, 1919 | Civilista Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 60 | | Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo (1863–1932) | July 4, 1919 – October 12, 1919 (2nd term) | Democratic Reformist Party | Coup d'état after direct elections (already President-elect) | Provisional President of the Republic |
| October 12, 1919 – October 12, 1924 (2nd term cont.) | Direct elections (before the coup d'etat) | Constitutional President of the Republic | ||||
| October 12, 1924 – October 12, 1929 (3rd term) | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic | ||||
| October 12, 1929 – August 25, 1930 (4th term) | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic | ||||
| 63 |  | Manuel María Ponce Brousset (1874–1966) | August 25, 1930 – August 27, 1930 | Military | Appointed President of the Military Junta constituted after the resignation of Leguía | President of the Military Junta |
| 64 |  | Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (1889–1933) | August 27, 1930 – March 1, 1931 | Military | Coup d'état | President of the Government Junta |
| 65 |  | Mariano Holguín Maldonado (1860–1945) | March 1, 1931 – March 1, 1931 | Independent | Presidential designation (while the Government Junta elected a President of the Republic) | President of the Assembly of Notables |
| 66 |  | Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias (1874–1951) | March 1, 1931 – March 5, 1931 | Military | Transitional designation by Board of Notables (as President of the Supreme Court) | President of the Provisional Board |
| 67 |  | Gustavo A. Jiménez (1886–1933) | March 5, 1931 – March 11, 1931 | Military | Coup d'état | President of the Transitory Government Board |
| 68 |  | David Samanez Ocampo y Sobrino (1866–1947) | March 11, 1931 – December 8, 1931 | Independent | Transitional designation by Assembly of Notables | President of the Government Junta |
| 64 | | Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (1889–1933) | December 8, 1931 – April 30, 1933 (†) | Revolutionary Union | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 69 | | Oscar R. Benavides Larrea (1876–1945) | April 30, 1933 – December 8, 1939 | Military | Designated by the Constituent Assembly | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 70 |  | Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (1889–1967) | December 8, 1939 – July 28, 1945 | Independent | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 71 |  | José Luis Bustamante y Rivero (1894–1989) | July 28, 1945 – October 29, 1948 | National Democratic Front | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 72 |  | Manuel A. Odría (1896–1974) | October 29, 1948 – May 31, 1950 | Military | Coup d'état | |
| 73 |  | Zenón Noriega Agüero (1900–1957) | May 31, 1950 – July 28, 1950 | Military | Provisional designation | Provisional President |
| 72 | | Manuel A. Odría Amoretti (1896–1974) | July 28, 1950 – July 28, 1956 | Odriíst National Union | Direct elections (only candidate) | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 74 |  | Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (1889–1967) | July 28, 1956 – July 18, 1962 | Pradist Democratic Movement | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 75 |  | Ricardo Pérez Godoy (1905–1982) | July 18, 1962 – March 3, 1963 | Military | Coup d'état | President of the Military Government Junta |
| 76 |  | Nicolás Lindley López (1908–1995) | March 3, 1963 – July 28, 1963 | Military | Coup d'état | President of the Military Government Junta |
| 77 |  | Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1912–2002) | July 28, 1963 – October 3, 1968 | Popular Action | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 78 |  | Juan Velasco Alvarado (1910–1977) | October 3, 1968 – August 30, 1975 | Military | Coup d'état | President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces |
| 79 |  | Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerrutti (1921–) | August 30, 1975 – July 28, 1980 | Military | Coup d'état | President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces |
| 80 | | Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1912–2002) | July 28, 1980 – July 28, 1985 | Popular Action | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 81 |  | Alan García Pérez (1949–) | July 28, 1985 – July 28, 1990 | American Popular Revolutionary Alliance | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 82 |  | Alberto Fujimori Fujimori (1938–) | July 28, 1990 – April 5, 1992 (1st term) | Cambio 90 | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| April 5, 1992 – January 9, 1993 (1st term cont.) | Self-coup. Dissolved the Congress | President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction | ||||
| January 9, 1993 – July 28, 1995 (1st term cont.) | Ratified by the Democratic Constituent Congress | Constitutional President of the Republic | ||||
| July 28, 1995 – July 28, 2000 (2nd term) | Cambio 90 – Sí Cumple | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic | |||
(82) | July 28, 2000 – November 21, 2000 (3rd term) | Sí Cumple | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic | ||
| 83 |  | Valentín Paniagua Corazao (1936–2006) | November 22, 2000 – July 28, 2001 | Popular Action | Constitutional succession (as President of the Congress) | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 84 |  | Alejandro Toledo Manrique (1946–) | July 28, 2001 – July 28, 2006 | Possible Peru | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 81 | | Alan García Pérez (1949–) | July 28, 2006 - July 28, 2011 | American Popular Revolutionary Alliance | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 85 |  | Ollanta Humala Tasso (1962–) | July 28, 2011 – July 28, 2016 | Peruvian Nationalist Party | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 86 |  | Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard (1938–) | July 28, 2016 – March 21, 2018 | Peruvians for Change | Direct elections | Constitutional President of the Republic |
| 87 |  | Martín Vizcarra Cornejo (1963–) | March 23, 2018 – present | Peruvians for Change | Constitutional succession (as First Vice President) | Constitutional President of the Republic |
Timeline[edit]
The Living Presidents of Peru[edit]
There are currently (since 2018) six living former presidents of Peru. In order of office they are:
Francisco Morales Bermúdez since 1975
Alan Garcia Perez since 1985
Alberto Fujimori since 1990
Alejandro Toledo since 2001
Ollanta Humala since 2011
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski since 2016
Francisco Morales Bermudez
Bermudez was sentenced to life in prison by a Peruvian court in January 2017.[2]
Alan Garcia Perez
Following the end of his presidency in 2011, Alan Garcia has remained the head of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance in Peru. He has unsuccessfully ran for the presidency in 2016, but ultimately did not make it to the second round.
Garcia currently resides in Lima. An ongoing investigation into his finances have been declared in 2019. Garcia unsuccessfully attempted to seek political refuge in Uruguay, leading to a government-instated ordinance that orders for his stay for six years until the investigation is complete.
Alberto Fujimori[edit]
Prior his resignation in 2000, Alberto Fujimori escaped to his home country of Japan seeking political refuge, where he faxed his resignation to Peru. He unsuccessfully attempted to run for a parliamentary position in the Parliament of Japan, and ultimately returned to Latin America in 2006 to run for the 2006 presidential elections.
The refugee president's flight diverted to Chile, where he stayed for six days. Peruvian officials and the President of Peru during the time expressed discontent at Chilean officials for allowing the indicted former president into the continent without repercussion. Ultimately, Fujimori flew back to Peru for unstated reasons and was arrested.
Fujimori was convicted of corruption, bribery, human rights violations, crimes against humanities, murder, and other charges, for 25 years of prison until 2031. Fujimori served his sentence until 2017, where then Peruvian President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski issued a presidential pardon, clearing Fujimori of his conviction.
Following the resignation of Kuczynski, the pardon was declared illegitimate and Fujimori was arrested and returned to confinement. Presently, Fujimori still remains in custody, serving the rest of his 25 year sentence.
Alejandro Toledo[edit]
Following the end of his term in 2006, Toledo abruptly withdrew from Peruvian politics. Toledo and his spouse, Eliane Karp, both moved to California, in the United States, where they have resided since, to avoid persecution.
Toledo and the former First Lady were charged with multiple offenses of corruption and probing, and have been summoned to Peru for a trial. Toledo ignored this warning and proceeded to remain in the United States. Toledo claimed to have been a professor at Stanford University, but the university verified that Toledo was solely invited as a one-time guest speaker to the institution.
Many efforts have been made by former President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and President Martin Vizcarra to extradite Toledo, but no responses have been heard from the United States government.
In March 2019, Toledo was arrested for public drunkenness in California temporarily, and was released later that night. Via a call in, Toledo denied that he was arrested. There is currently a $25,000 reward for the ex-president.
Ollanta Humala[edit]
Humala and former First Lady Nadine Heredia were abruptly arrested following the end of his term. Both of them were detained for 6 months for investigation on the means of corruption, but were later released.
There were no conclusions or evidence provided by the investigation. Humala continues to reside in Lima.
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski[edit]
Following his resignation in March 2018, Kuczynski quietly left the Government Palace and returned to his home in the district of San Isrido. Kuczynski remained out of the public eye for the following ten months, but was then summoned to the Department of Justice. All of Kuczynski's bank accounts were frozen and he was prohibited from leaving the country.
Kuczynski made few public appearances, but on the first anniversary of his resignation, Kuczynski made his first major public appearance on El Commercio. The former president mentioned his present financial ruins and the amounts of loans he was forced to make. Additionally, Kuczynski mentioned that he felt betrayed by Martin Vizcarra, the incumbent President of Peru who succeeded Kuczynski following his resignation.
Titles and styles[edit]
The President of the Republic of Peru is the Head of the Peruvian State, Head of the Peruvian Government and the Supreme Commander of the Peruvian Armed Forces.
The official style is:
His/Her Excellency [name of the president]
Common usages include:
El Presidente de la Republica / The President of the Republic
Line of succession[edit]
Names of incumbents as of 2018[update].
President of the Republic: Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo
1- Vice President of the Republic: Mercedes Rosalba Aráoz Fernández
2- President of Congress: Daniel Enrique Salaverry Villa
3- First Vice President of Congress: Leyla Felícita Chihuán Ramos
4- Second Vice President of Congress: Segundo Leocadio Tapia Bernal
5- Third Vice President of Congress: Yeni Vilcatoma de la Cruz
See also[edit]
- Peru
- Vice President of Peru
- Prime Minister of Peru
Notes[edit]
^ "Political Constitution of Peru, Article 112" (PDF)..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "Italy gives Peru dictator life in prison for 1970s murders". Perú Reports. 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
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