Muhammad XII of Granada

Full name
	Abu `Abdallah Muhammad XII (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الثاني عشر)

Muhammad XII
Muhammad XII
	; A painting of Muhammad XII of Granada, last Muslim sultan in Spain. Date of this painting and its current location are unknown.;
Sultan of Granada
1st reign	1482–1483
Predecessor	Abu l-Hasan Ali
Successor	Abu l-Hasan Ali
2nd reign	1487 – 2 January 1492
Predecessor	Muhammad XIII
Born	c. 1460; Alhambra, Granada;
Died	1533; Fes, Morocco;
Consort	Morayma
Issue	Ahmed; Aixa (Sor Isabel de Granada); Yusef
Full name
	Abu `Abdallah Muhammad XII (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الثاني عشر)
House	Nasrid dynasty
Father	Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada
Mother	Aixa
Religion	Islam

Abu `Abdallah Muhammad XII (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الثاني عشر‎ Abū ‘Abdi-llāh Muḥammad ath-thānī ‘ashar) (c. 1460 – 1533), known to the Castilians as Boabdil (a Spanish rendering of the name Abu Abdillah), was the 22nd and last Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Iberia.

Sultan[edit]

Muhammad XII was the son of Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of the Emirate of Granada whom he succeeded in 1482^[2], as a result of both court intrigue and unrest amongst the population at large.^[3]

Muhammad XII soon sought to gain prestige by invading Castile. He was taken prisoner at Lucena in 1483.^[2] Muhammad's father was then restored as ruler of Granada, to be replaced in 1485 by his uncle Muhammed XIII, also known as Abdullah ez Zagal.

Muhammad obtained his freedom and Christian support to recover his throne in 1487, by consenting to hold Granada as a tributary kingdom under the Catholic monarchs.^[2] He further undertook not to intervene in the Siege of Málaga, in which Málaga was taken by the Christians.

Following the fall of Málaga and Baza in 1487, Almuñécar, Salobreña and Almería were taken by the Christians the following year. By the beginning of 1491, Granada was the only Muslim-governed city in Iberia.

Surrender of Granada[edit]

In 1491, Muhammad XII was summoned by Ferdinand and Isabella to surrender the city of Granada, which was besieged by the Castilians. Eventually, on 2 January 1492, Granada was surrendered.^[2] In most sumptuous attire the royal procession moved from Santa Fe to a place a little more than a mile from Granada, where Ferdinand took up his position by the banks of the Genil. A private letter written by an eyewitness to the bishop of León only six days after the event recorded the scene:

The Capitulation of Granada by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz, 1882: Muhammad XII surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella

The Moorish sultan, with about eighty or a hundred on horseback and very well dressed, went forth to kiss the hand of their Highnesses. According to the final capitulation agreement, both Isabel and Ferdinand will decline the offer, and the key to Granada will pass into Spanish hands without Muhammad XII having to kiss the hands of Los Reyes, as the Spanish royal couple became known. The indomitable mother of Muhammad XII insisted on sparing her son this final humiliation.

Christopher Columbus seems to have been present; he refers to the surrender:

After your Highnesses ended the war of the Moors who reigned in Europe, and finished the war of the great city of Granada, where this present year 1492 on the 2nd January I saw the royal banners of Your Highnesses planted by force of arms on the towers of the Alhambra.

Exile[edit]

The farewells of King Boabdil at Granada (Les Adieux du roi Boabdil à Grenade), Alfred Dehodencq (1822–1882).

Legend has it that as Muhammad XII went into exile, he reached a rocky prominence which gave a last view of the city. Here he reined in his horse and viewed for the last time the Alhambra and the green valley that spread below. The place where this allegedly took place is today known as the Suspiro del Moro, "the Moor's sigh". Muhammad mourned his loss, and continued his journey to exile accompanied by his mother.

Muhammad XII was given an estate in Laujar de Andarax, Las Alpujarras, a mountainous area between the Sierra Nevada and the Mediterranean Sea, but in October 1493 he crossed the Mediterranean to Fes, Morocco, accompanied by an entourage of 1,130 courtiers and servants. Large numbers of the Muslim population of Granada had already fled to North Africa, taking advantage of a clause in the articles of surrender that permitted free passage.^[4]

Letter to the Marinid Sultan of Morocco[edit]

Shortly after his surrender, Muhammad Boabdil sent a long letter to the Marinid rulers of Morocco asking for refuge. The letter begins with a long poem praising the Marinids, followed by a prose passage where he laments his defeat and asks forgiveness for past wrongdoings of his forefathers against the Marinids. The entire text was reported by al-Maqqari:^[5]

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...The lord of Castile has proposed for us a respectable residence and has given us assurances of safety to which he pledged by his own handwriting, enough to convince the souls. But we, as descendants of Banu al-Ahmar, didn't settle for this and our faith in God does not permit us to reside under the protection of disbelief.

We also received from the east many letters full of goodwill, inviting us to come to their lands and offering the best of advantages. But we cannot choose other than our home and the home of our forefathers, we can only accept the protection of our relatives, not because of opportunism but to confirm the brotherhood relationship between us and to fulfill the testament of our forefathers, that tells us not to seek any help other that of the Marinids and not to let anything obstruct us from going to you. So we traversed the vast lands and sailed the tumultuous sea and we hope that we would not be returned and that our eyes will be satisfied and our hurt and grievous souls will be healed from this great pain... - Muhamad Abu Abdallah^[5]

Original text in Arabic:

ولقد عرض علينا صاحب قشتالة مواضع معتبرة خير فيها، وأعطى من أمانه المؤكد فيه خطه بأيمانه ما يقنع النفوس ويكفيها، فلم نر

ونحن من سلالة الأحمر، مجاورة الصفر، ولا سوغ لنا الإيمان الإقامة بين ظهراني الكفر، ما وجدنا عن ذلك مندوحة ولو شاسعة،
وأمنا من المطالب المشاغب حمة شرٍ لنا لاسعة، وادكرنا أي ادكار، قول الله تعالى المنكر لذلك غاية الإنكار "ألم تكن أرض الله
واسعة" وقول الرسول، عليه الصلاة والسلام، المبالغ في ذلك بأبلغ الكلام "أنا بريء من مؤمن مع كافر لا تتراءى ناراهما" وقول
الشاعر الحاث على حث المطية، المتثاقلة عن السير في طريق منجاء البطية

وما أنا والتلدد نحو نجد وقد غصت تهامة بالرجال

ووصلت أيضاً من الشرق إلينا، كتب كريمة المقاصد لدينا، تستدعي الانحياز إلى تلك الجنبات، وتتضمن ما لا مزيد عليه من
الرغبات، فلم نختر إلا دارنا التي كانت دار آبائنا من قبلنا، ولم نرتض الإنضواء إلا لمن بحبله وصل حبلنا، وبريش نبله ريش نبلنا،
إدلالاً على محل إخاء متوارث لا عن كلالة، وامتثالاً لوصاة أجداد لأنظارهم وأقدارهم أصالة وجلالة، إذ قد روينا عمن سلف من
أسلافنا، في الإيصاء لمن يخلف بعدهم من أخلافنا، أن لا يبتغوا إذا دهمهم داهم بالحضرة المرينية بدلاً، ولا يجدوا عن طريقها في
التوجه إلى فريقها معدلاً، فاخترقنا إلى الرياض الأريضة الفجاج، وركبنا إلى البحر الفرات ظهر البحر الأجاج، فلا غرو أن نرد منه
على ما يقر العين، ويشفي النفس الشاكية من ألم البين

The 17th-century historian Al-Maqqari wrote that Muhammad XII crossed the Mediterranean to Melilla then went to Fes where he built a palace. He stayed there until his death in 1533/1534 (in 940 A.H.).^[1]^[6] He was buried near the Musala (place of the special prayer during the Islamic festivals) located outside of "Bab Sheria" in Fes.^[1] Muhammad XII was survived by two sons; Yusef and Ahmed.^[1]Al-Maqqari met with his descendants in 1618 in Fes; they lived in a state of poverty and relied on the Zakat.^[1]

Spanish chronicler Luis del Mármol Carvajal^[7] wrote "Muhammad XII died near the Oued el Assouad (Black River) at ford told Waqûba during the war between the Marinids and the Saadians." This source is also taken by Louis de Chénier, a diplomat of King Louis XVI of France, in his Historical research on the Moors and History of the Empire of Morocco published in Paris in 1787.^[8]

Muhammad XII in popular culture[edit]

Sword of Boabdil, Musée de Cluny.

Statue of Boabdil at the Washington Irving Memorial

He is a main character in John Dryden's "Conquest of Grenada", a heroic drama in two parts, 1672.

He was the subject of the three-act opera "Boabdil, der letzte Maurenkönig", Op. 49, written in 1892 by the Jewish-German-Polish composer Moritz Moszkowski.

Spanish composer Gaspar Cassadó wrote the Lamento de Boabdil for cello and piano, in memory of the king.

Spanish composer Antón García Abril wrote the 'Elegía a la pérdida de la Alhambra' from his song cycle Canciones del Jardin Secreto for voice and piano; it is set to text (in Andalusian Arabic) that is attributed to Boabdil, in which he laments the loss of the Alhambra.

Abu Abdallah appears as the main character in "De Ongelukkige" published in 1915 by Dutch author Louis Couperus. This novel covers the last decade of Abu Abdallah's reign as ruler of the Emirate of Granada.

He figures in the video game Assassin's Creed II: Discovery for the iOS and Nintendo DS, as an ally of the Assassins.

He is portrayed by Khalid Abdalla in the film Assassin's Creed (2016).

Andalusian singer-songwriter and poet Carlos Cano [es] dedicated a song to Muhammad XII in his album Crónicas Granadinas, entitled Caída del Rey Chico.

Salman Rushdie's book, The Moor's Last Sigh, also features consistent references to Muhammad XII.

He appears as a character in Leo Africanus by Amin Maalouf.

Louis Aragon's book Le Fou d'Elsa renders a dramatized and poetic version of the story of Granada's capture, which includes Muhammad XII as one of the two main characters present in the novel, (Majnun being the other. Elsa, whom it could be argued is the second major character, is absent from the book.).

Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) produced a drama in 1980, based on the novel "Shaheen" by Nasim Hijazi. In this drama Abu Abdullah Mohammad was played by Shakeel Ahmed.

Also in 1980 (22 November until 7 February 1981), appeared in the comics supplement to the Portuguese newspaper A Capital a 12-page comics story on the conquest of Granada with Boabdil as the main character, Luz do Oriente ("Light of the Orient"). The script was by popular literature writer and bookman Jorge Magalhães and the drawing was by Portuguese-Guinean sculptor, painter and comic book artist Augusto Trigo.^[9]

Boabdil appeared as main character in Spanish eight-episode serial Requiem por Granada (1991). In this serial, he was played by Manuel Bandera. Young Boabdil was played by Lucas Martín.

Boabdil appeared as main character in the season two of the Spanish TV Series Isabel (2013). In this show, he was played by Álex Martínez.

He appeared as a main character in the novel Court of Lions (2017) by Jane Johnson.

References[edit]

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f "نفح الطيب من غصن الاندلس الرطيب" pp1317. احمد المقري المغربي المالكي الاشعري

^ ^a^b^c^d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Boabdil" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.

^ Elizabeth Drayson, "The Moor's Last Stand: How Seven Centuries of Muslim Rule in Spain Came to an End": cited in page 11, Literary Review April 2017

^ Elizabeth Drayson, "The Moor's Last Stand: How Seven Centuries of Muslim Rule in Spain Came to an End": cited in page 11, Literary Review April 2017

^ ^a^b "نفح الطيب من غصن الاندلس الرطيب" pp1325. احمد المقري المغربي المالكي الاشعري

^ Harvey, Leonard Patrick (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 327. ISBN 0-226-31962-8.

^ Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. 1. CRC Press. p. 220. ISBN 1-57958-245-1.

^ Recherches historiques sur les Maures, et histoire de l'empire de Maroc, Volume 2, p. 341, at Google Books and Volume 3, p. 303, at Google Books (in French)

^ Quadradinhos, II series, number 26 (22 November 1980) to 37 (7 February 1981), newspaper A Capital. Published in book-form as Luz do Oriente, Editorial Futura, Lisbon, 1986

Regnal titles
Muhammad XII of Granada Nasrid dynasty Cadet branch of the Banu Khazraj Born: 1460? Died: 1533?
Preceded by Abu l-Hasan Ali	Sultan of Granada 1482–1483	Succeeded by Abu l-Hasan Ali
Preceded by Muhammed XIII	Sultan of Granada 1487–1492	Granada captured by Castile

[maqri-1] "نفح الطيب من غصن الاندلس الرطيب" pp1317. احمد المقري المغربي المالكي الاشعري

[EB1911-2] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Boabdil" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.

[3] Elizabeth Drayson, "The Moor's Last Stand: How Seven Centuries of Muslim Rule in Spain Came to an End": cited in page 11, Literary Review April 2017

[4] Elizabeth Drayson, "The Moor's Last Stand: How Seven Centuries of Muslim Rule in Spain Came to an End": cited in page 11, Literary Review April 2017

[maqri2-5] "نفح الطيب من غصن الاندلس الرطيب" pp1325. احمد المقري المغربي المالكي الاشعري

[6] Harvey, Leonard Patrick (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 327. ISBN 0-226-31962-8.

[7] Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. 1. CRC Press. p. 220. ISBN 1-57958-245-1.

[8] Recherches historiques sur les Maures, et histoire de l'empire de Maroc, Volume 2, p. 341, at Google Books and Volume 3, p. 303, at Google Books (in French)

[9] Quadradinhos, II series, number 26 (22 November 1980) to 37 (7 February 1981), newspaper A Capital. Published in book-form as Luz do Oriente, Editorial Futura, Lisbon, 1986

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