List of political ideologies
List of political ideologies
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In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions:
- Goals: how society should be organized.
- Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system. The same term may also be used to refer to multiple ideologies, and that is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For instance, while the terms have been conflated at times, "communism" has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist-Leninist ideologies, whereas "socialism" has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies distinct from Marxism-Leninism. [1] Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] However, ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism, as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. opposition to European integration or the legalization of marijuana), although either of these may be central to a particular ideology. There are several studies that show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into a number of groups and each group contains ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. They are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically and ideologically related to each other. One ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries, and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
Contents
1 Anarchism
1.1 Classical
1.2 Post-Classical
1.3 Contemporary
1.4 Regional variants
1.5 Religious variants
2 Conservatism
2.1 Traditional
2.2 Libertarian
2.3 Reactionary
2.4 Other
2.5 Regional variants
2.5.1 American
2.5.2 African
2.5.3 Asian / Pacific
2.5.4 European
2.5.5 Middle Eastern / Indian
2.6 Religious variants
3 Environmentalism
3.1 Light green environmentalism
3.2 Bright green environmentalism
3.3 Deep green environmentalism
3.4 Other
3.5 Regional variants
3.6 Religious variants
4 Fascism
4.1 General
5 Feminism and Identity politics
5.1 Age-related rights movements
5.2 Disability-related rights movements
5.3 Feminism
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Chronological variants
5.3.3 Ethnic and social variants
5.3.4 Regional variants
5.3.4.1 African
5.3.4.2 American
5.3.4.3 Asian / Pacific
5.3.4.4 European
5.3.4.5 Middle Eastern / Indian
5.3.5 Religious variants
5.4 LGBT social movements
5.5 Men's movement
5.6 Racial separatist and supremacist movements
5.7 Self-determination movements
6 Liberalism
6.1 General
6.2 Other
6.3 Regional variants
6.3.1 African
6.3.2 American
6.3.3 Asian / Pacific
6.3.4 European
6.3.5 Middle Eastern / Indian
7 Nationalism
7.1 General
7.2 Other
7.3 Regional variants
7.3.1 African
7.3.2 American
7.3.3 Asian / Pacific
7.3.4 European
7.3.5 Middle Eastern / Indian
7.4 Unification movements
7.5 Religious variants
8 Populism and Direct democracy movements
8.1 General
8.2 Left-wing populism
8.3 Right-wing populism
8.4 Regional variants
8.4.1 American
8.4.2 European
8.4.3 Middle Eastern/Indian
9 Religious ideologies
9.1 General
9.2 Buddhism
9.3 Christianity
9.4 Confucianism
9.5 Hinduism
9.6 Indigenous religions
9.7 Islam
9.8 Judaism
9.9 Mormonism
9.10 Neopaganism
9.11 Shinto
9.12 Sikhism
10 Socialism/Communism
10.1 Authoritarian
10.2 Libertarian
10.3 Other
10.4 Regional variants of socialism
10.4.1 African
10.4.2 American
10.4.3 Asian / Pacific
10.4.4 European
10.4.5 Middle Eastern / Indian
10.5 Regional variants of communism
10.5.1 African
10.5.2 American
10.5.3 Asian / Pacific
10.5.4 European
10.5.5 Middle Eastern / Indian
10.6 Religious variants
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Anarchism[edit]
Political internationals: International of Anarchist Federations (Synthesis anarchism), International Union of Anarchists (Anarcho-communism), International Workers' Association (Anarcho-syndicalism), Anarkismo.net (Platformism and Especifismo), Transnational Radical Party (Radicalism)
Classical[edit]
Individualist anarchism
Egoist anarchism
Illegalism
- Expropriative anarchism
- Existentialist anarchism
- Philosophical anarchism
- Mutualism
Social anarchism
Anarcho-communism
Magonism
- Neozapatismo
- Anarcho-syndicalism
Collectivist anarchism
Russian nihilist movement
- Narodnik agrarian populism
Post-Classical[edit]
- Anarcha-feminism
Anarchism without adjectives
- Synthesist anarchism
- Anarcho-pacifism
Green anarchism
- Anarcho-naturism
- Anarcho-primitivism
Communalism
- Democratic confederalism
- Libertarian municipalism
- Social ecology
- Veganarchism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Panarchy
Platformism
- Especifismo
- Makhnovism
Contemporary[edit]
- Anarcho-transhumanism
- Antifa movements
- Black anarchism
- Crypto-anarchism
Free-market anarchism
- Agorism
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Left-wing market anarchism
- National anarchism
- Post-anarchism
- Postcolonial anarchism
- Post-left anarchy
- Queer anarchism
Regional variants[edit]
- Africa
- Argentina
- Australia
- Azerbaijan
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Canada
- Catalonia
- China
- Cuba
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- France
- French Guiana
- Germany
- Greece
- India
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Korea
- Mexico
- Monaco
- New Zealand
- Poland
- Puerto Rico
- Rojava
- Romania
- Russia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sweden
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
Religious variants[edit]
- Buddhist anarchism
Christian anarchism
- Diggers
- Tolstoyan movement
- Islamic anarchism
- Jewish anarchism
Conservatism[edit]
Political internationals: International Alliance of Libertarian Parties (Right-libertarianism), International Democrat Union (Conservatism), International Monarchist League (Monarchism and Constitutional monarchism)
Traditional[edit]
Authoritarian conservatism
- Illiberal democracy
- Civic conservatism
- Cultural conservatism
- Fiscal conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
- National conservatism
Paternalistic conservatism
- Compassionate conservatism
Progressive conservatism
- One-nation conservatism
Red Toryism
- Tory socialism
- Paleoconservatism
Social conservatism
- Anti-abortion movements
- Antifeminism
- LGBT rights opposition
Theoconservatism
- Christian Right
- Traditionalist conservatism
Libertarian[edit]
- Autarchism
- Beltway libertarianism
- Christian libertarianism
- Consequentialist libertarianism
Free-market anarchism
- Agorism
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Fusionism
- Green libertarianism
- Libertarian conservatism
- Libertarian feminism
- Libertarian paternalism
- Libertarian transhumanism
- Minarchism
- Natural-rights libertarianism
- Neo-libertarianism
- Objectivist libertarianism
- Paleolibertarianism
- Panarchism
- Propertarianism
- Voluntaryism
Reactionary[edit]
- Irridentism
Monarchism
- Absolute monarchism
- Constitutional monarchism
- Neo-feudalism
- Neoreactionary movement
- Reactionary modernism
- Segregationism
State religion
- Antidisestablishmentarianism
- Caesaropapism
- Dominionism
- Theocracy
- Theonomy
- Ultramontanism
Other[edit]
- Alt-lite
Anti-environmentalism
- Climate change denial
- Environmental skepticism
- Anti-immigration movements
- Anti-unionism
- Bioconservatism
- Black conservatism
- Conservative corporatism
- Fusionism
- Green conservatism
- LGBT conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
Neoconservatism
- Straussianism
- Neoliberalism
- Neo-nationalism
- Right-wing populism
- Social Darwinism
Regional variants[edit]
American[edit]
Conservatism in Latin America
Conservatism in Brazil
- Bolsonarism
- Conservatism in Colombia
Conservatism in North America
- Conservatism in Canada
Conservatism in the United States
- Black conservatism in the United States
- New Right
- Old Right
- Republicanism
- Tea Party movement
- Trumpism
- Libertarianism in the United States
African[edit]
- Libertarianism in South Africa
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Conservatism in Australia
- Conservatism in China (PRC)
- Conservatism in Hong Kong
Conservatism in Japan
- Abeism
- Neoconservatism in Japan
- Conservatism in the Philippines
- Conservatism in South Korea
European[edit]
Conservatism in France
Bonapartism
- Neo-Bonapartism
- Gaullism
- Legitimism
- LePenism
- Ultra-royalism
Conservatism in Germany
- Conservative revolutionary movement
- Neue Rechte
Conservatism in Hungary
- Orbanism
Conservatism in Poland
- Dudaism
Conservatism in Russia
Putinism
Chekism
- Nashism
- Eurasianism
Neo-Sovietism
- Neo-Stalinism
- Conservatism in Serbia
Conservatism in Spain
- Carlism
- Falangism
Conservatism in the United Kingdom
- Andism
- British neoconservatism
- Thatcherism
Toryism
- Blue Toryism
High Toryism
- Powellism
Red Toryism
- Tory socialism
- Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
- Conservatism in India
- Conservatism in Pakistan
Conservatism in Turkey
Erdoganism
- Conservative democracy
- Neo-Ottomanism
Religious variants[edit]
Christian right
- Christian fundamentalism
- Traditionalist Catholicism
- Hindu fundamentalism
Islamic fundamentalism
- Islamism
- Jewish fundamentalism
Environmentalism[edit]
Political internationals: Friends of the Earth (Environmentalism), Global Greens (Green politics), World Ecological Parties (Light green environmentalism)
Light green environmentalism[edit]
Free market environmentalism
Eco-capitalism
- Sustainable capitalism
- Green libertarianism
Green conservatism
- Fiscal environmentalism
- Green liberalism
Bright green environmentalism[edit]
- Car-free movement
- Climate movement
- Conservation movement
Ecomodernism
- Ecological modernization
- Prometheanism
- Technogaianism
- Positive environmentalism
Deep green environmentalism[edit]
Anti-consumerism
- Degrowth
Anti-globalization movement
- Alter-globalization
- Global justice movement
- Anti-nuclear movement
- Bioregionalism
- Ecocentrism
Eco-communalism
- Back-to-the-land movement
Green anarchism
- Anarcho-primitivism
- Inclusive Democracy
Social ecology
- Green municipalism
- Neo-Luddism
Radical environmentalism
- Animal rights movement
- Deep Green Resistance
- Earth liberation
Other[edit]
- Queer ecology
- Ecofeminism
Eco-nationalism
- Green Zionism
Green left
- Eco-socialism
- Green politics
- Localism
Regional variants[edit]
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Africa
- Switzerland
- United States
Religious variants[edit]
Christian environmentalism
- Ecotheology
- Evangelical environmentalism
- Islamic environmentalism
- Jewish environmentalism
- Maori environmentalism
- Spiritual ecology
Fascism[edit]
Political internationals:
General[edit]
- Alt-right
- Austrofascism
- British fascism
- Chilean fascism
- Chinese fascism
- Christofascism
- Clerical fascism
- Corporate statism
- Crypto-fascism
- Dark Enlightenment
- Ecofascism
- Falangism
- Fascist syndicalism
- Francoism
- Homonationalism
- Hutu Power
Integralism
- Brasilian Integralism
- French Integralism
- Lusitanian Integralism
- Integral nationalism
- Islamofascism
- Italian fascism
- Japanese fascism
- Legionarism
- Metaxism
- Mobutism
- Nashism
- National Radicalism
Nazism
- American Nazism (Rockwellism)
Slovene Nazism (Siskoism)[11][12]
- Neo-fascism
Neo-Nazism
- Neo-völkisch movements
- Racial nationalism
- Reactionary modernism
- Revolutionary nationalism
- Rexism
- Right-wing authoritarianism
- Strasserism
- Supremacism
Third Position
Nouvelle Droite
- Identarianism
- Peronism
- Ustase
Feminism and Identity politics[edit]
Political internationals: International Council of Women (Feminism), Minority Rights Group International (Minority rights), Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (Self-determination and Indigenous rights)
[edit]
- Children's rights movement
- Elder rights movement
- Intergenerational equity
- Youth rights movement
[edit]
Disability rights movement
- Deaf rights movement
Neurodiversity movement
- Autism rights movement
- Mad pride movement
- Psychiatric survivors movement
Fat acceptance movement
- Fat feminism
Feminism[edit]
General[edit]
- Analytical feminism
- Anarcha-feminism
- Antifeminism
Conservative feminism
- Anti-abortion feminism
- Individualist feminism
- Cultural feminism
- Cyberfeminism
Difference feminism
- New feminism
Ecofeminism
- Vegetarian ecofeminism
- Equality feminism
- Gender feminism
- Labor feminism
- Lesbian feminism
Liberal feminism
- Equity feminism
- Libertarian feminism
Lipstick feminism
- Neofeminism
- Material feminism
- Maternal feminism
- Postmodern feminism
Radical feminism
- Women's liberation movement
- Separatist feminism
- Sex-positive feminism
- Social feminism
Socialist feminism
- Marxist feminism
- Standpoint feminism
- State feminism
- Transfeminism
Chronological variants[edit]
- Protofeminism
- First-wave feminism
- Second-wave feminism
- Third-wave feminism
- Fourth-wave feminism
- Postfeminism
Ethnic and social variants[edit]
Black feminism
- Hip-hop feminism
Womanism
- Africana womanism
- Chicana feminism
- Dalit feminism
French feminism
- Post-structural feminism
Indigenous feminism
- Native American feminism
- Kurdish feminism
Postcolonial feminism
- Global feminism
- Third-world feminism
- Transnational feminism
- White feminism
Regional variants[edit]
African[edit]
- Congo
- Ethiopia
- Ghana
- Mali
- Nigeria
- South Africa
American[edit]
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Canada
- Chile
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Paraguay
- Trinidad and Tobago
- United States
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Australia
- China
- Hong Kong
- Indonesia
- Japan
- Malaysia
- New Zealand
- Philippines
- South Korea
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- Vietnam
European[edit]
- Albania
- Denmark
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Ireland
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Russia
- Sweden
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
- Bangladesh
- Egypt
- India
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Lebanon
- Nepal
- Northern Cyprus
- Pakistan
- Syria
- Turkey
Religious variants[edit]
- Atheist feminism
- Buddhist feminism
- Christian feminism
- Hindu feminism
- Islamic feminism
Jewish feminism
- Orthodox Jewish feminism
- Mormon feminism
Neopagan feminism
- Reclaiming
- Sikh feminism
LGBT social movements[edit]
- Gay liberation
- Gay pride
- Homonationalism
- LGBT conservatism
- Queer anarchism
- Queer ecology
- Queer nationalism
- Queer socialism
- Transfeminism
Men's movement[edit]
Antifeminism
- Men's rights movement
- Fathers' rights movement
- Intactivism
- Incelism
- Masculism
- Mythopoetic men's movement
Profeminism
- Men's liberation movement
Racial separatist and supremacist movements[edit]
Black
- Black nationalism
- Black separatism
White
- Alt-right
- White nationalism
- White Separatism
Self-determination movements[edit]
African-American
- African-American self-determination
- Black anarchism
Black capitalism
- Black conservatism
Black feminism
Womanism
- Africana womanism
- Black power
- Pan-Africanism
Indigenous peoples
- Canadian First Nations self-determination
- Indigenismo
- Maori self-determination
Native American self-determination
- American Indian Movement
- Pan-Indianism
- Self-determination of Australian Aborigines
Latin American
Chicanismo
- Chicano movement
- Hispanismo
- Indigenismo
- Pan-americanism
- Panhispanism
Liberalism[edit]
Political internationals: Liberal International (Liberalism), Progressive Alliance (Social democracy and Progressivism), Transnational Radical Party (Radicalism)
General[edit]
- Agonistic liberalism
Classical liberalism
- Neoclassical liberalism
- Conservative liberalism
- Constitutional liberalism
- Cultural liberalism
- Democratic liberalism
- Green liberalism
- Muscular liberalism
- Neoliberalism
- National liberalism
- Secular liberalism
- Social liberalism
- Technoliberalism
Other[edit]
- Communitarianism
Georgism
- Geolibertarianism
- Liberal autocracy
- Liberal conservatism
- Liberal corporatism
Liberal feminism
- Equity feminism
- Liberal socialism
- Nordic model
- Pirate politics
- Radicalism
- Social corporatism
- Welfare capitalism
- Whiggism
Centrism
Christian democracy
- Christian corporatism
Distributism
- Social credit movement
Ordoliberalism
- Social market economy
- Popolarismo
- Moderate politics
- Radical centrism
- Syncretic politics
- Third Way
Regional variants[edit]
African[edit]
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- South Africa
- Zimbabwe
American[edit]
- Latin America
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Canada
- Chile
- Colombia
- Cuba
- Ecuador
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
United States
- Democratism
- Progressivism in the United States
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Australia
- China
- Hong Kong
- Japan
- New Zealand
- Philippines
- South Korea
- Taiwan
- Thailand
European[edit]
- Europe
- Albania
- Armenia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Czech lands
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
- Cyprus
- Egypt
- India
- Iran
- Israel
- Tunisia
- Turkey
Nationalism[edit]
Political internationals: International Conference of Asian Political Parties (Pan-Asianism and Regionalism), The Movement (Neo-nationalism), Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (Nationalism and Self-determination)
General[edit]
- Anti-imperialism
- Bourgeois nationalism
Chauvinism
- Welfare chauvinism
- Civic nationalism
- Corporate nationalism
- Eco-nationalism
Economic nationalism
- Business nationalism
- Developmentalism
- Ethnic nationalism
- Expansionist nationalism
- Homonationalism
Imperialism
- Globalism
- Neocolonialism
- Jingoism
- Left-wing nationalism
- Liberal nationalism
- National mysticism
- Nativism
- Neo-nationalism
- Pan-nationalism
- Queer nationalism
- Religious nationalism
- Romantic nationalism
- Territorial nationalism
- Ultranationalism
Other[edit]
- National anarchism
- National bolshevism
- National communism
- National conservatism
- National liberalism
- National populism
- National syndicalism
Regional variants[edit]
African[edit]
- Afrikaner nationalism
- Algerian nationalism
- Berber nationalism
Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- Lumumbism
- Egyptian nationalism
- Ethiopian nationalism
- Madagascan nationalism
- Nigerian nationalism
- Somali nationalism
American[edit]
American nationalism
- Hawaiian sovereignty movement
- Independence movement in Puerto Rico
- Neo-Confederate movement
- Argentine nationalism
- Brazilian nationalism
Canadian nationalism
- Quebec nationalism
- Greenlandic independence
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Cambodian nationalism
Chinese nationalism
- Taiwanese nationalism
- Tibetan nationalism
- Uyghur nationalism
- Filipino nationalism
- Indonesian nationalism
- Japanese nationalism
- Karen nationalism
- Korean nationalism
- Malaysian nationalism
Vietnamese nationalism
- Degar (Montagnard) nationalism
European[edit]
Albanian nationalism
- Kosovar nationalism
- Armenian nationalism
- Austrian nationalism
- Belarusian nationalism
Belgian nationalism
- Flemish Movement
- Walloon Movement
British nationalism
- British unionism
- Cornish nationalism
- English nationalism
- Scottish nationalism
- Ulster loyalism
- Ulster nationalism
- Welsh nationalism
- Bulgarian nationalism
Czechoslovak nationalism
- Czech nationalism
- Slovak nationalism
- Estonian nationalism
- Faroese nationalism
- Finnish nationalism
French nationalism
- Alsatian nationalism
- Breton nationalism
- Corsican nationalism
- Gaullism
- Occitan nationalism
- Georgian nationalism
German nationalism
- Bavarian nationalism
Greek nationalism
- Cypriot nationalism
- Hungarian nationalism
Irish nationalism
- Irish republicanism
- Ulster unionism
Italian nationalism
- Padanian nationalism
- Sardinian nationalism
- Jewish diaspora nationalism
- Latvian nationalism
- Lithuanian nationalism
- Moldovan nationalism
- Norwegian romantic nationalism
Polish nationalism
- Silesian nationalism
- Portuguese nationalism
Romanian nationalism
- Poporanism
- Székely nationalism
Russian nationalism
- Chechen nationalism
- Circassian nationalism
Spanish nationalism
- Basque nationalism
- Blaverism
- Canarian nationalism
- Catalan nationalism
- Galician nationalism
- Ukrainian nationalism
Yugoslav nationalism
- Bosnian nationalism
- Croatian nationalism
- Serbian nationalism
- Macedonian nationalism
- Montenegrin nationalism
- Slovene nationalism
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
Arab nationalism
- Baathism
- Lebanese nationalism
- Palestinian nationalism
- Assyrian nationalism
- Azerbaijani nationalism
Indian nationalism
- Bengali nationalism
- Dravidian nationalism
- Punjabi nationalism
- Iranian nationalism
- Kurdish nationalism
Pakistani nationalism
- Kashmiri nationalism
Sri Lankan nationalism
- Tamil nationalism
Turkish nationalism
- Kemalism
Zionism
- Christian Zionism
- Green Zionism
- Labor Zionism
- Neo-Zionism
- Religious Zionism
- Revisionist Zionism
Unification movements[edit]
Anti-globalization movement
- Alter-globalization
- Global citizens movement
- Global justice movement
Anti-nationalism
- Anationalism
- Antipatriotism
- Cosmopolitanism
- Democratic globalization
- Internationalism
Indigenism
- Indigenismo
- Pan-Indianism
Multiculturalism
- Interculturalism
- Pluriculturalism
- Plurinationalism
- Polyculturalism
- Pan-Africanism
- Pan-Americanism
- Pan-Arabism
- Pan-Asianism
- Pan-Celticism
Pan-Europeanism
- Pan-European nationalism
- United States of Europe
- Pan-Germanism
- Pan-Hellenism
Pan-Hispanism
- Patria Grande
- Pan-Iberism
- Pan-Iranism
- Pan-Irishism
- Pan-Islamism
- Pan-Latin Americanism
- Pan-Latinism
- Pan-Scandinavianism
- Pan-Slavism
- Pan-Somalism
- Pan-Turanism
- Pan-Turkism
- Regionalism
Religious variants[edit]
- Christian nationalism
- Hindu nationalism
Jewish nationalism
- Diaspora nationalism
- Religious Zionism
- Muslim nationalism
- Sikh nationalism
- Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
Populism and Direct democracy movements[edit]
Political internationals: Pirate Parties International (Pirate politics)
General[edit]
Agrarianism
Agrarian reformism
- Land reform movements
- Anticipatory democracy
- Anti-corruption movements
- Anti-establishmentarianism
- Anti-particracy movements
- Cellular democracy
- Collaborative governance
- Consensus democracy
- Copyright reform movements
- Cyber-utopianism
- Deliberative democracy
- Delegative democracy
E-democracy
- Collaborative e-democracy
- E-government
- E-participation
- Interactive democracy
- Empowered democracy
- Grassroots democracy
- Localism
- Net neutrality movements
- Open-source governance
- Pirate politics
- Popular democracy
- Producerism
- Semi-direct democracy
- Sociocracy
Left-wing populism[edit]
- Agrarian socialism
Anti-corporation movements
- Anti-corporate activism
Anti-globalization movement
- Alter-globalization
- Global justice movement
- Global citizens movement
- Anti-nuclear movement
Economic democracy
- Council democracy
- Industrial democracy
- Workers' self-management
- Workplace democracy
- Egalitarianism
- Inclusive democracy
- Labour movement
- Occupy movement
Participism
Parecon
- Participatory budgeting
Parpolity
- Participatory democracy
- Participatory justice
- Participatory planning
Peace movement
- Anti-militarism
- Anti-war movement
- Pacifism
- Radical democracy
Right-wing populism[edit]
- Alt-lite
- Alt-right
Chauvinism
- Welfare chauvinism
- National conservatism
Nativism
- Anti-immigration movements
- Neo-nationalism
- Neoreactionary movement
- Paleoconservatism
- Penal populism
Völkisch movement
- Neo-völkisch movements
Regional variants[edit]
American[edit]
- Populism in Canada
Populism in Latin America
- Bolivarianism (Venezuela)
- Bolsonarism (Brazil)
- National Regeneration Movement (Mexico)
Peronism (Argentina)
- Kirchnerism
- Podemos (Brazil)
- Workers' Party (Brazil)
Populism and Direct Democracy in the United States
- Black Populism movement
- Bull Moose populism
- Coffee Party movement
- Jacksonian democracy
- Jeffersonian democracy
- Longism
- People's Party populism
- Perotism
- Progressive populism
- Tea Party movement
- Trumpism
European[edit]
- Athenian democracy
Euroscepticism
- Hard Euroscepticism
- Soft Euroscepticism
- Greek Syriza movement
- Italian Five Star movement
- Roman Populares
Russian agrarian populism
- Romanian agrarian populism
Spanish anti-austerity movement
- Spanish Podemos movement
Swiss semi-direct democracy
- Landsgemeinde
- Popular initiative
UKIP movement
- Brexit movement
Middle Eastern/Indian[edit]
- Ambedkarism (India)
- Erdoğanism (Turkey)
Hindutva (India)
- Modism
- Kemalism (Turkey)
- Tehreek-e-Insaf (Pakistan)
Religious ideologies[edit]
Political internationals: Centrist Democrat International (Christian democracy), Muslim Brotherhood (Islamism), Hizb ut-Tahrir (Islamism)
General[edit]
- Anti-clericalism
- Clericalism
- Confessionalism
- Divine right of kings
Feminist theology
- Thealogy
- Womanist theology
Fundamentalism
- Atheist fundamentalism
Humanism
- Religious humanism
- Secular humanism
- Political religion
- Progressive Reconstructionism
- Religious anarchism
- Religious anti-Zionism
- Religious apoliticism
- Religious communism
Religious environmentalism
- Spiritual ecology
- Religious liberalism
- Religious nationalism
- Religious pacifism
- Religious socialism
Secularism
- Disestablishmentarianism
- Laïcité
- Secular religion
- State atheism
- Spiritual left
State religion
- Antidisestablishmentarianism
- Theocracy
- Theonomy
Buddhism[edit]
- Buddhist anarchism
- Buddhist feminism
Buddhist modernism
- Engaged Buddhism
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Secular Buddhism
Buddhist nationalism
- 969 Movement
- Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
- Buddhist socialism
Christianity[edit]
- Caesaropapism
Christian democracy
- Christian corporatism
- Popolarismo
- Social market economy
Christian environmentalism
- Ecotheology
- Evangelical environmentalism
- Christian feminism
- Christian humanism
Christian left
Christian anarchism
- Diggers
- Tolstoyan movement
- Christian communism
- Christian socialism
- Evangelical left
- Liberal Christianity
- Liberation theology
- Progressive Christianity
- Social Gospel
- Christian pacifism
Christian right
Christian fundamentalism
- Traditionalist Catholicism
- Christian libertarianism
Christian nationalism
- Christian Zionism
Christofascism
- Clerical fascism
- National Catholicism
Christian reconstructionism
- Dominionism
- Theoconservatism
Distributism
- Social credit movement
- Political Catholicism
Ultramontanism
- Neo-ultramontanism
Confucianism[edit]
- Neo-Confucanism
Hinduism[edit]
Gandhism
- Gandhian socialism
- Hindu feminism
Hindu nationalism
- Akhand Bharat
- Hindu revolution
- Hindutva
- Hindu revivalism
Indigenous religions[edit]
- Maori environmentalism
Islam[edit]
- Gülen movement
- Islamic anarchism
- Islamic democracy
- Islamic environmentalism
- Islamic feminism
Islamic fundamentalism
Islamism
- Islamic fascism
- Islamic liberalism
- Islamic Modernism
Islamic nationalism
- Islamic Zionism
- Muslim nationalism in South Asia
- Islamic pacifism
- Islamic socialism
- Khilafat movement
- Panislamism
Judaism[edit]
- Jewish anarchism
- Jewish anti-Zionism
- Jewish Autonomism
- Jewish democracy
- Jewish environmentalism
Jewish feminism
- Orthodox Jewish feminism
- Jewish fundamentalism
Jewish humanism
- Homaranismo
Jewish left
- Bundism
Jewish nationalism
- Halachic state
- Religious Zionism
Kibbutzim
- Kibbutz Movement
- Religious Kibbutz Movement
Mormonism[edit]
- Mormon feminism
- Theodemocracy
Neopaganism[edit]
Neopagan feminism
- Reclaiming
- Neo-völkisch movements
Shinto[edit]
- State Shinto
Sikhism[edit]
- Khalistan movement
- Sikh feminism
Socialism/Communism[edit]
Political internationals: Progressive Alliance (Social democracy and Progressivism), Socialist International (Democratic socialism), Foro de São Paulo (Socialism of the 21st century), World Socialist Movement (Impossibilism), Committee for a Workers' International (Trotskyism), Fourth International (Trotskyism), International Marxist Tendency (Trotskyism), ICMLPO International Newsletter (Maoism), ICMLPO Unity & Struggle (Hoxhaism), International Communist Seminar (Marxism-Leninism), International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties (Communism), International League of Peoples' Struggle (Marxism-Leninism-Maoism)
Authoritarian[edit]
- Blanquism
Leninism
Marxism-Leninism
- Castroism
- Goulash communism
Guevarism
- Foco
- Ho Chi Minh Thought
- Hoxhaism
- Husakism
- Juche
- Khrushchevism
Maoism
Maoism (Third Worldism)
- Third Worldism
- Third World Socialism
- Mao-Spontex
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
- Gonzalo Thought
- Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
- Deng Xiaoping Thought
- Scientific Outlook on Development
- Xi Jinping Thought
- Scientific communism
Stalinism
- Anti-revisionism
- Neo-Stalinism
- Socialism in One Country
Titoism
- Đilasism
- Rankovićism
Trotskyism
- Orthodox Trotskyism
- Pabloism
- Posadism
Third camp
- Shachtmanism
- Eurocommunism
- National communism
- State socialism
World communism
- Proletarian internationalism
Libertarian[edit]
- Communard movement
- Democratic socialism
- Kibbutz movement
Libertarian Marxism
Autonomism
- Operaismo
Left communism
- Council communism
- Bordigism
- Luxemburgism
- Open Marxism
Orthodox Marxism
Impossibilism
- De Leonism
- World socialism
- Instrumental Marxism
- Kautskyism
- Situationism
- Socialisme ou Barbarie
- Solidarity (UK)
- Participism
- Primitive communism
Syndicalism
- DeLeonism
- Libertarian possibilism
- Sorelianism
- Wobblyism
Western Marxism
- Austromarxism
- Frankfurt School
- Freudo-Marxism
- Marxist humanism
Neo-Marxism
- Analytical Marxism
Conflict theories
- Dependency theory
- Social conflict theory
- World-systems theory
Gramscianism
- Neo-Gramscianism
- Structural Marxism
- Post-Marxism
Other[edit]
- Agrarian socialism
- Centrist Marxism
- Eco-socialism
Economic democracy
- Council democracy
- Industrial democracy
- Workers' self-management
- Workplace democracy
- Ethical socialism
- Fabian socialism
- Guild socialism
- Labour movement
- Liberal socialism
Market socialism
- Ricardian socialism
- Veblenian socialism
- Municipal socialism
Proto-socialism
- Chartists
- Communards
- Diggers
- Jacobins
- Levellers
- Radicals
- Reformism
- Revisionism
- Socialist feminism
- Socialist nationalism
- Tory socialism
Utopian socialism
- Fourierism
- Owenism
Regional variants of socialism[edit]
African[edit]
- African socialism
American[edit]
- American progressivism
American socialism
- African-American leftism
- Brazilian socialism
- Canadian socialism
- Caribbean socialism
- Chilean socialism
Latin American Socialism of the 21st century
- Argentine Kirchnerism
- Bolivian Movement for Socialism
- Brazilian Lulism
Venezuelan Bolivarianism
- Chavism
Mexican socialism
Magonism
- Neozapatismo
- Nicaraguan socialism
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Australian socialism
- Bangladeshi socialism
- Burmese socialism
- Hong Kong socialism
- Indonesian socialism
- Korean socialism
- Melanesian socialism
- New Zealand socialism
- Tanzanian socialism
European[edit]
- British socialism
- Catalan socialism
- Dutch socialism
- French socialism
Russian Narodnik socialism
- Socialist Revolutionary Party
Scandinavian socialism
- Popular socialism
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
Arab socialism
- Nasserism
- Tunisian socialism
Indian socialism
- Gandhian socialism
- Naxalism
- Nehruism
Iranian socialism
- Mazdakism
- Kurdish socialism
- Israeli socialism
- Pakistani socialism
Regional variants of communism[edit]
African[edit]
- Communism in Angola
- Communism in Benin
- Communism in the Republic of the Congo
- Communism in Ethiopia
- Communism in Madagascar
- Communism in Mozambique
- Communism in Somalia
- Communism in South Africa
American[edit]
- Communism in Canada
- Communism in Chile
- Communism in Colombia
- Communism in Cuba
- Communism in Grenada
- Communism in Peru
- Communism in the United States
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Communism in Australia
Communism in Cambodia
- Khmer Rouge
- Salvation Front
Communism in China
- Left communism in China
Communism in Indonesia
- Communism in Sumatra
- Communism in Korea
- Communism in Laos
- Communism in Mongolia
- Communism in the Philippines
- Communism in Thailand
- Communism in Vietnam
European[edit]
- Communism in Albania
- Communism in Bulgaria
- Communism in Czechoslovakia
- Communism in France
Communism in Germany
- Spartacus League
- Communism in Greece
- Communism in Hungary
- Communism in Italy
- Communism in Poland
- Communism in Portugal
- Communism in Romania
- Communism in Russia
- Communism in Spain
- Communism in the United Kingdom
- Communism in Yugoslavia
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
- Communism in Afghanistan
Communism in India
- Communism in Kerala
- Communism in Iran
- Communism in Israel
- Communism in Palestine
- Communism in Nepal
- Communism in Pakistan
- Communism in Turkey
Communism in Yemen
- Communism in South Yemen
Religious variants[edit]
- Buddhist socialism
Christian communism
- Diggers
- Hutterites
- Shakers
- Christian socialism
- Islamic communism
- Islamic socialism
- Jewish socialism
- Mazdakism
See also[edit]
- Ideology
- List of communist ideologies
- List of forms of government
- List of ideologies named after people
- Political international
- Political party
References[edit]
^ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/state-of-socialism-a-note-on-terminology/4C742B00BE0D00ED3F0BE855097DE5F7#
^ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
^ Bouchard, T. J., and McGue, M. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. Journal of Neurobiology, 54 (1), 44–45.
^ Cloninger, et al. (1993).[citation not found]
^ Eaves, L. J., Eysenck, H. J. (1974). Genetics and the development of social attitudes. Nature, 249, 288–289.
^ Alford, (2005).[citation not found]
^ Hatemi, P. K., Medland, S. E., Morley, K. I., Heath, A. C., Martin, N.G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics, 37 (3), 435–448.
^ Hatemi, P. K., Hibbing, J., Alford, J., Martin, N., Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly, 62 (3), 584–600.
^ Settle, J. E., Dawes, C. T., and Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly, 62 (3), 601–613.
^ Anonymous Conservative. The Evolutionary Psychology Behind Politics.
^ "Program - Gibanje Zedinjena Slovenija". Gibanje Zedinjena Slovenija (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2018-11-01..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "Anti-migrant paramilitary group springs up in Slovenia". DailySabah. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
External links[edit]
Useful notes on political ideologies
Categories:
- Political ideologies
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