Proof in linear algebra/calculus












-1












$begingroup$


So I am currently studying Calculus and Linear Algebra and I came across the same concepts that is being applied in a lot of the proofs that I read for Calculus and Linear algebra but not capable of fully understanding it.



Claim: There exists a $lambda in mathbb{R}$ such that $nabla F(a)=lambda nabla G(a)$



So the claim above I am mentioning is one of the theorem in calculus known as the Lagrange Multiplier theorem. And it is the tool known to be solve the "constrained optimization" problem where $F$ is the function we try to maximize/minimize subject to the constraint $G=0$.



In the proofs that I read, it finished it off like this:



"$nabla F(a) cdot u=lambda (nabla G(a) cdot u)$ where $u$ is an arbitrary unit vector.



Question: My question is how does finish off the proof when we still the $u$ vector sticking out in the proof? The text even mentions that it's because $u$ is an arbitrary unit vector so it does not matter or something along the lines of that but cannot comprehend it. Any clarification will be appreciated, and thanks in advance.



Once again, a lot of the proofs are finished off like that but it doesn't feel complete to me because we still have that $u$ sticking out. If there is a simpler example that I can understand such concept with will also be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Your "claim["is completely incomprehensible if you don't define things...
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Jan 16 at 17:08










  • $begingroup$
    Okay, I'll add more details sorry about that.
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:10










  • $begingroup$
    Added details, please check!
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:15










  • $begingroup$
    Ignoring the specifics of the claim you are referring to... it appears your underlying question is "Why can we assert that for maps $A,B$ we have that $forall x~(Ax = Bx)$ implies $A=B$?" To see this, suppose to the contrary that $Aneq B$. Try to show then that this would imply that there is at least one $x$ for which $Axneq Bx$.
    $endgroup$
    – JMoravitz
    Jan 16 at 17:17












  • $begingroup$
    What else is there that I missed? Not everyone is capable of doing such things and be so aware of their math, not everyone's math is so strong. How about you stop being mean and ask and guide me for what is needed for your satisfaction to answer my question?
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:30
















-1












$begingroup$


So I am currently studying Calculus and Linear Algebra and I came across the same concepts that is being applied in a lot of the proofs that I read for Calculus and Linear algebra but not capable of fully understanding it.



Claim: There exists a $lambda in mathbb{R}$ such that $nabla F(a)=lambda nabla G(a)$



So the claim above I am mentioning is one of the theorem in calculus known as the Lagrange Multiplier theorem. And it is the tool known to be solve the "constrained optimization" problem where $F$ is the function we try to maximize/minimize subject to the constraint $G=0$.



In the proofs that I read, it finished it off like this:



"$nabla F(a) cdot u=lambda (nabla G(a) cdot u)$ where $u$ is an arbitrary unit vector.



Question: My question is how does finish off the proof when we still the $u$ vector sticking out in the proof? The text even mentions that it's because $u$ is an arbitrary unit vector so it does not matter or something along the lines of that but cannot comprehend it. Any clarification will be appreciated, and thanks in advance.



Once again, a lot of the proofs are finished off like that but it doesn't feel complete to me because we still have that $u$ sticking out. If there is a simpler example that I can understand such concept with will also be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Your "claim["is completely incomprehensible if you don't define things...
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Jan 16 at 17:08










  • $begingroup$
    Okay, I'll add more details sorry about that.
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:10










  • $begingroup$
    Added details, please check!
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:15










  • $begingroup$
    Ignoring the specifics of the claim you are referring to... it appears your underlying question is "Why can we assert that for maps $A,B$ we have that $forall x~(Ax = Bx)$ implies $A=B$?" To see this, suppose to the contrary that $Aneq B$. Try to show then that this would imply that there is at least one $x$ for which $Axneq Bx$.
    $endgroup$
    – JMoravitz
    Jan 16 at 17:17












  • $begingroup$
    What else is there that I missed? Not everyone is capable of doing such things and be so aware of their math, not everyone's math is so strong. How about you stop being mean and ask and guide me for what is needed for your satisfaction to answer my question?
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:30














-1












-1








-1


0



$begingroup$


So I am currently studying Calculus and Linear Algebra and I came across the same concepts that is being applied in a lot of the proofs that I read for Calculus and Linear algebra but not capable of fully understanding it.



Claim: There exists a $lambda in mathbb{R}$ such that $nabla F(a)=lambda nabla G(a)$



So the claim above I am mentioning is one of the theorem in calculus known as the Lagrange Multiplier theorem. And it is the tool known to be solve the "constrained optimization" problem where $F$ is the function we try to maximize/minimize subject to the constraint $G=0$.



In the proofs that I read, it finished it off like this:



"$nabla F(a) cdot u=lambda (nabla G(a) cdot u)$ where $u$ is an arbitrary unit vector.



Question: My question is how does finish off the proof when we still the $u$ vector sticking out in the proof? The text even mentions that it's because $u$ is an arbitrary unit vector so it does not matter or something along the lines of that but cannot comprehend it. Any clarification will be appreciated, and thanks in advance.



Once again, a lot of the proofs are finished off like that but it doesn't feel complete to me because we still have that $u$ sticking out. If there is a simpler example that I can understand such concept with will also be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




So I am currently studying Calculus and Linear Algebra and I came across the same concepts that is being applied in a lot of the proofs that I read for Calculus and Linear algebra but not capable of fully understanding it.



Claim: There exists a $lambda in mathbb{R}$ such that $nabla F(a)=lambda nabla G(a)$



So the claim above I am mentioning is one of the theorem in calculus known as the Lagrange Multiplier theorem. And it is the tool known to be solve the "constrained optimization" problem where $F$ is the function we try to maximize/minimize subject to the constraint $G=0$.



In the proofs that I read, it finished it off like this:



"$nabla F(a) cdot u=lambda (nabla G(a) cdot u)$ where $u$ is an arbitrary unit vector.



Question: My question is how does finish off the proof when we still the $u$ vector sticking out in the proof? The text even mentions that it's because $u$ is an arbitrary unit vector so it does not matter or something along the lines of that but cannot comprehend it. Any clarification will be appreciated, and thanks in advance.



Once again, a lot of the proofs are finished off like that but it doesn't feel complete to me because we still have that $u$ sticking out. If there is a simpler example that I can understand such concept with will also be appreciated.







linear-algebra multivariable-calculus proof-explanation






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Jan 16 at 17:15







javacoder

















asked Jan 16 at 17:06









javacoderjavacoder

848




848








  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Your "claim["is completely incomprehensible if you don't define things...
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Jan 16 at 17:08










  • $begingroup$
    Okay, I'll add more details sorry about that.
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:10










  • $begingroup$
    Added details, please check!
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:15










  • $begingroup$
    Ignoring the specifics of the claim you are referring to... it appears your underlying question is "Why can we assert that for maps $A,B$ we have that $forall x~(Ax = Bx)$ implies $A=B$?" To see this, suppose to the contrary that $Aneq B$. Try to show then that this would imply that there is at least one $x$ for which $Axneq Bx$.
    $endgroup$
    – JMoravitz
    Jan 16 at 17:17












  • $begingroup$
    What else is there that I missed? Not everyone is capable of doing such things and be so aware of their math, not everyone's math is so strong. How about you stop being mean and ask and guide me for what is needed for your satisfaction to answer my question?
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:30














  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Your "claim["is completely incomprehensible if you don't define things...
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Jan 16 at 17:08










  • $begingroup$
    Okay, I'll add more details sorry about that.
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:10










  • $begingroup$
    Added details, please check!
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:15










  • $begingroup$
    Ignoring the specifics of the claim you are referring to... it appears your underlying question is "Why can we assert that for maps $A,B$ we have that $forall x~(Ax = Bx)$ implies $A=B$?" To see this, suppose to the contrary that $Aneq B$. Try to show then that this would imply that there is at least one $x$ for which $Axneq Bx$.
    $endgroup$
    – JMoravitz
    Jan 16 at 17:17












  • $begingroup$
    What else is there that I missed? Not everyone is capable of doing such things and be so aware of their math, not everyone's math is so strong. How about you stop being mean and ask and guide me for what is needed for your satisfaction to answer my question?
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:30








2




2




$begingroup$
Your "claim["is completely incomprehensible if you don't define things...
$endgroup$
– DonAntonio
Jan 16 at 17:08




$begingroup$
Your "claim["is completely incomprehensible if you don't define things...
$endgroup$
– DonAntonio
Jan 16 at 17:08












$begingroup$
Okay, I'll add more details sorry about that.
$endgroup$
– javacoder
Jan 16 at 17:10




$begingroup$
Okay, I'll add more details sorry about that.
$endgroup$
– javacoder
Jan 16 at 17:10












$begingroup$
Added details, please check!
$endgroup$
– javacoder
Jan 16 at 17:15




$begingroup$
Added details, please check!
$endgroup$
– javacoder
Jan 16 at 17:15












$begingroup$
Ignoring the specifics of the claim you are referring to... it appears your underlying question is "Why can we assert that for maps $A,B$ we have that $forall x~(Ax = Bx)$ implies $A=B$?" To see this, suppose to the contrary that $Aneq B$. Try to show then that this would imply that there is at least one $x$ for which $Axneq Bx$.
$endgroup$
– JMoravitz
Jan 16 at 17:17






$begingroup$
Ignoring the specifics of the claim you are referring to... it appears your underlying question is "Why can we assert that for maps $A,B$ we have that $forall x~(Ax = Bx)$ implies $A=B$?" To see this, suppose to the contrary that $Aneq B$. Try to show then that this would imply that there is at least one $x$ for which $Axneq Bx$.
$endgroup$
– JMoravitz
Jan 16 at 17:17














$begingroup$
What else is there that I missed? Not everyone is capable of doing such things and be so aware of their math, not everyone's math is so strong. How about you stop being mean and ask and guide me for what is needed for your satisfaction to answer my question?
$endgroup$
– javacoder
Jan 16 at 17:30




$begingroup$
What else is there that I missed? Not everyone is capable of doing such things and be so aware of their math, not everyone's math is so strong. How about you stop being mean and ask and guide me for what is needed for your satisfaction to answer my question?
$endgroup$
– javacoder
Jan 16 at 17:30










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















2












$begingroup$

If



$(nabla F(a)) cdot u= (lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$



for all unit vectors $u$, then in particular, we can consider the unit vector $u=e^{(i)}$ which has a one in the $i$th position and 0's elsewhere. The dot product of any vector with $e^{(i)}$ gives the $i$th component of that vector.



Thus



$(nabla F(a)) cdot e^{(i)}=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot e^{(i)}$



for $i=1, 2, ldots, n$.



$(nabla F(a))_{i}=(lambda nabla G(a))_{i}$



for $i=1, 2, ldots, n$.



Finally,



$(nabla F(a))=(lambda nabla G(a))$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    But $u$ could be in a different direction from $e^{(i)}$ though, no?
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:20












  • $begingroup$
    But here u is arbitrary so, it must satisfy any vector, in particular, $e^i$ too.
    $endgroup$
    – Mustang
    Jan 16 at 17:28












  • $begingroup$
    @javacoder $u$ can be written as a linear combination of the $e^{(i)}$, so the result follows immediately by linearity of the dot product.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Jan 16 at 18:04










  • $begingroup$
    The key here is in the use of the universal quantifier. $(nabla F(a)) cdot u=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$ for all $u$. The particular vectors $e^{(i)}$ are included in that "for all."
    $endgroup$
    – Brian Borchers
    Jan 16 at 18:11



















0












$begingroup$

one hint to understand is



in a finite dimensional space zero vector is the only vector orthogonal to all vectors



so from the last equation of your proof take the things in one side and use the above statement






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    was it helpful?
    $endgroup$
    – Bijayan Ray
    Jan 16 at 17:14












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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









2












$begingroup$

If



$(nabla F(a)) cdot u= (lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$



for all unit vectors $u$, then in particular, we can consider the unit vector $u=e^{(i)}$ which has a one in the $i$th position and 0's elsewhere. The dot product of any vector with $e^{(i)}$ gives the $i$th component of that vector.



Thus



$(nabla F(a)) cdot e^{(i)}=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot e^{(i)}$



for $i=1, 2, ldots, n$.



$(nabla F(a))_{i}=(lambda nabla G(a))_{i}$



for $i=1, 2, ldots, n$.



Finally,



$(nabla F(a))=(lambda nabla G(a))$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    But $u$ could be in a different direction from $e^{(i)}$ though, no?
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:20












  • $begingroup$
    But here u is arbitrary so, it must satisfy any vector, in particular, $e^i$ too.
    $endgroup$
    – Mustang
    Jan 16 at 17:28












  • $begingroup$
    @javacoder $u$ can be written as a linear combination of the $e^{(i)}$, so the result follows immediately by linearity of the dot product.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Jan 16 at 18:04










  • $begingroup$
    The key here is in the use of the universal quantifier. $(nabla F(a)) cdot u=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$ for all $u$. The particular vectors $e^{(i)}$ are included in that "for all."
    $endgroup$
    – Brian Borchers
    Jan 16 at 18:11
















2












$begingroup$

If



$(nabla F(a)) cdot u= (lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$



for all unit vectors $u$, then in particular, we can consider the unit vector $u=e^{(i)}$ which has a one in the $i$th position and 0's elsewhere. The dot product of any vector with $e^{(i)}$ gives the $i$th component of that vector.



Thus



$(nabla F(a)) cdot e^{(i)}=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot e^{(i)}$



for $i=1, 2, ldots, n$.



$(nabla F(a))_{i}=(lambda nabla G(a))_{i}$



for $i=1, 2, ldots, n$.



Finally,



$(nabla F(a))=(lambda nabla G(a))$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    But $u$ could be in a different direction from $e^{(i)}$ though, no?
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:20












  • $begingroup$
    But here u is arbitrary so, it must satisfy any vector, in particular, $e^i$ too.
    $endgroup$
    – Mustang
    Jan 16 at 17:28












  • $begingroup$
    @javacoder $u$ can be written as a linear combination of the $e^{(i)}$, so the result follows immediately by linearity of the dot product.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Jan 16 at 18:04










  • $begingroup$
    The key here is in the use of the universal quantifier. $(nabla F(a)) cdot u=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$ for all $u$. The particular vectors $e^{(i)}$ are included in that "for all."
    $endgroup$
    – Brian Borchers
    Jan 16 at 18:11














2












2








2





$begingroup$

If



$(nabla F(a)) cdot u= (lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$



for all unit vectors $u$, then in particular, we can consider the unit vector $u=e^{(i)}$ which has a one in the $i$th position and 0's elsewhere. The dot product of any vector with $e^{(i)}$ gives the $i$th component of that vector.



Thus



$(nabla F(a)) cdot e^{(i)}=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot e^{(i)}$



for $i=1, 2, ldots, n$.



$(nabla F(a))_{i}=(lambda nabla G(a))_{i}$



for $i=1, 2, ldots, n$.



Finally,



$(nabla F(a))=(lambda nabla G(a))$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$



If



$(nabla F(a)) cdot u= (lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$



for all unit vectors $u$, then in particular, we can consider the unit vector $u=e^{(i)}$ which has a one in the $i$th position and 0's elsewhere. The dot product of any vector with $e^{(i)}$ gives the $i$th component of that vector.



Thus



$(nabla F(a)) cdot e^{(i)}=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot e^{(i)}$



for $i=1, 2, ldots, n$.



$(nabla F(a))_{i}=(lambda nabla G(a))_{i}$



for $i=1, 2, ldots, n$.



Finally,



$(nabla F(a))=(lambda nabla G(a))$.







share|cite|improve this answer














share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer








edited Jan 16 at 18:12

























answered Jan 16 at 17:18









Brian BorchersBrian Borchers

6,27611320




6,27611320












  • $begingroup$
    But $u$ could be in a different direction from $e^{(i)}$ though, no?
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:20












  • $begingroup$
    But here u is arbitrary so, it must satisfy any vector, in particular, $e^i$ too.
    $endgroup$
    – Mustang
    Jan 16 at 17:28












  • $begingroup$
    @javacoder $u$ can be written as a linear combination of the $e^{(i)}$, so the result follows immediately by linearity of the dot product.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Jan 16 at 18:04










  • $begingroup$
    The key here is in the use of the universal quantifier. $(nabla F(a)) cdot u=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$ for all $u$. The particular vectors $e^{(i)}$ are included in that "for all."
    $endgroup$
    – Brian Borchers
    Jan 16 at 18:11


















  • $begingroup$
    But $u$ could be in a different direction from $e^{(i)}$ though, no?
    $endgroup$
    – javacoder
    Jan 16 at 17:20












  • $begingroup$
    But here u is arbitrary so, it must satisfy any vector, in particular, $e^i$ too.
    $endgroup$
    – Mustang
    Jan 16 at 17:28












  • $begingroup$
    @javacoder $u$ can be written as a linear combination of the $e^{(i)}$, so the result follows immediately by linearity of the dot product.
    $endgroup$
    – amd
    Jan 16 at 18:04










  • $begingroup$
    The key here is in the use of the universal quantifier. $(nabla F(a)) cdot u=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$ for all $u$. The particular vectors $e^{(i)}$ are included in that "for all."
    $endgroup$
    – Brian Borchers
    Jan 16 at 18:11
















$begingroup$
But $u$ could be in a different direction from $e^{(i)}$ though, no?
$endgroup$
– javacoder
Jan 16 at 17:20






$begingroup$
But $u$ could be in a different direction from $e^{(i)}$ though, no?
$endgroup$
– javacoder
Jan 16 at 17:20














$begingroup$
But here u is arbitrary so, it must satisfy any vector, in particular, $e^i$ too.
$endgroup$
– Mustang
Jan 16 at 17:28






$begingroup$
But here u is arbitrary so, it must satisfy any vector, in particular, $e^i$ too.
$endgroup$
– Mustang
Jan 16 at 17:28














$begingroup$
@javacoder $u$ can be written as a linear combination of the $e^{(i)}$, so the result follows immediately by linearity of the dot product.
$endgroup$
– amd
Jan 16 at 18:04




$begingroup$
@javacoder $u$ can be written as a linear combination of the $e^{(i)}$, so the result follows immediately by linearity of the dot product.
$endgroup$
– amd
Jan 16 at 18:04












$begingroup$
The key here is in the use of the universal quantifier. $(nabla F(a)) cdot u=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$ for all $u$. The particular vectors $e^{(i)}$ are included in that "for all."
$endgroup$
– Brian Borchers
Jan 16 at 18:11




$begingroup$
The key here is in the use of the universal quantifier. $(nabla F(a)) cdot u=(lambda nabla G(a)) cdot u$ for all $u$. The particular vectors $e^{(i)}$ are included in that "for all."
$endgroup$
– Brian Borchers
Jan 16 at 18:11











0












$begingroup$

one hint to understand is



in a finite dimensional space zero vector is the only vector orthogonal to all vectors



so from the last equation of your proof take the things in one side and use the above statement






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    was it helpful?
    $endgroup$
    – Bijayan Ray
    Jan 16 at 17:14
















0












$begingroup$

one hint to understand is



in a finite dimensional space zero vector is the only vector orthogonal to all vectors



so from the last equation of your proof take the things in one side and use the above statement






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    was it helpful?
    $endgroup$
    – Bijayan Ray
    Jan 16 at 17:14














0












0








0





$begingroup$

one hint to understand is



in a finite dimensional space zero vector is the only vector orthogonal to all vectors



so from the last equation of your proof take the things in one side and use the above statement






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$



one hint to understand is



in a finite dimensional space zero vector is the only vector orthogonal to all vectors



so from the last equation of your proof take the things in one side and use the above statement







share|cite|improve this answer












share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer










answered Jan 16 at 17:14









Bijayan RayBijayan Ray

1511213




1511213












  • $begingroup$
    was it helpful?
    $endgroup$
    – Bijayan Ray
    Jan 16 at 17:14


















  • $begingroup$
    was it helpful?
    $endgroup$
    – Bijayan Ray
    Jan 16 at 17:14
















$begingroup$
was it helpful?
$endgroup$
– Bijayan Ray
Jan 16 at 17:14




$begingroup$
was it helpful?
$endgroup$
– Bijayan Ray
Jan 16 at 17:14


















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