Integral involving hypergeometric function
$begingroup$
I've worked out the projection of a spherically symmetric power law volume density profile $rho(r)=br^a$, i.e. its surface density $sigma(R)$, and am now trying to integrate this in a series of annular bins to get the total mass in each, i.e. $int_A^Bsigma(R)R,{rm d}R$. (Actually the profile is a continuous series of power laws, but that's more of a footnote.)
I've worked just about everything out, but am stuck on an integral of the form:
$$I(r,R,a)=intleft(left(frac{r}{R}right)^2-1right)^{frac{1}{2}}R^{a+2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};-left(left(frac{r}{R}right)^2-1right)right){rm d}R$$
${}_2{rm F}_1$ is the hypergeometric function, as defined here. $a$ and $r$ are constants, in this context.
Given that the solution of this integral will be used to calculate the elements of a big-ish matrix and I have some iteration in mind, integrating numerically is... inconvenient, but I'm stumped on finding an analytic solution. Is there any hope here, or should I start thinking about efficient numerical solutions?
calculus integration indefinite-integrals hypergeometric-function
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I've worked out the projection of a spherically symmetric power law volume density profile $rho(r)=br^a$, i.e. its surface density $sigma(R)$, and am now trying to integrate this in a series of annular bins to get the total mass in each, i.e. $int_A^Bsigma(R)R,{rm d}R$. (Actually the profile is a continuous series of power laws, but that's more of a footnote.)
I've worked just about everything out, but am stuck on an integral of the form:
$$I(r,R,a)=intleft(left(frac{r}{R}right)^2-1right)^{frac{1}{2}}R^{a+2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};-left(left(frac{r}{R}right)^2-1right)right){rm d}R$$
${}_2{rm F}_1$ is the hypergeometric function, as defined here. $a$ and $r$ are constants, in this context.
Given that the solution of this integral will be used to calculate the elements of a big-ish matrix and I have some iteration in mind, integrating numerically is... inconvenient, but I'm stumped on finding an analytic solution. Is there any hope here, or should I start thinking about efficient numerical solutions?
calculus integration indefinite-integrals hypergeometric-function
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
Try expanding the Hypergeometric then integrating term by term
$endgroup$
– clathratus
Jan 10 at 19:34
$begingroup$
@Kyle thank you very much for your generous bounty!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:07
$begingroup$
@PaulEnta thanks for the answer! The solution of the integral goes into a computation for a measurement in astrophysics/cosmology I'm collaborating on at the moment, which we should start writing up for a journal soon. If you would like, I'd be happy to add an acknowledgement of your contribution along the lines of "The authors thank the math.stackexchange.com user Paul Enta for providing an analytic expression for eq X", or similar. There is usually a short section with such notes anyway. You may reach me by email at either of the addresses listed here.
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 22 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I am happy to see that this answer can be useful to you. Thank you for proposing to acknowledge this contribution in your future paper. I think that it can be a good advertisment for MSE in your community. I wish you the best for this article and for the next ones!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:59
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I've worked out the projection of a spherically symmetric power law volume density profile $rho(r)=br^a$, i.e. its surface density $sigma(R)$, and am now trying to integrate this in a series of annular bins to get the total mass in each, i.e. $int_A^Bsigma(R)R,{rm d}R$. (Actually the profile is a continuous series of power laws, but that's more of a footnote.)
I've worked just about everything out, but am stuck on an integral of the form:
$$I(r,R,a)=intleft(left(frac{r}{R}right)^2-1right)^{frac{1}{2}}R^{a+2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};-left(left(frac{r}{R}right)^2-1right)right){rm d}R$$
${}_2{rm F}_1$ is the hypergeometric function, as defined here. $a$ and $r$ are constants, in this context.
Given that the solution of this integral will be used to calculate the elements of a big-ish matrix and I have some iteration in mind, integrating numerically is... inconvenient, but I'm stumped on finding an analytic solution. Is there any hope here, or should I start thinking about efficient numerical solutions?
calculus integration indefinite-integrals hypergeometric-function
$endgroup$
I've worked out the projection of a spherically symmetric power law volume density profile $rho(r)=br^a$, i.e. its surface density $sigma(R)$, and am now trying to integrate this in a series of annular bins to get the total mass in each, i.e. $int_A^Bsigma(R)R,{rm d}R$. (Actually the profile is a continuous series of power laws, but that's more of a footnote.)
I've worked just about everything out, but am stuck on an integral of the form:
$$I(r,R,a)=intleft(left(frac{r}{R}right)^2-1right)^{frac{1}{2}}R^{a+2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};-left(left(frac{r}{R}right)^2-1right)right){rm d}R$$
${}_2{rm F}_1$ is the hypergeometric function, as defined here. $a$ and $r$ are constants, in this context.
Given that the solution of this integral will be used to calculate the elements of a big-ish matrix and I have some iteration in mind, integrating numerically is... inconvenient, but I'm stumped on finding an analytic solution. Is there any hope here, or should I start thinking about efficient numerical solutions?
calculus integration indefinite-integrals hypergeometric-function
calculus integration indefinite-integrals hypergeometric-function
asked Jan 10 at 15:43
KyleKyle
18328
18328
$begingroup$
Try expanding the Hypergeometric then integrating term by term
$endgroup$
– clathratus
Jan 10 at 19:34
$begingroup$
@Kyle thank you very much for your generous bounty!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:07
$begingroup$
@PaulEnta thanks for the answer! The solution of the integral goes into a computation for a measurement in astrophysics/cosmology I'm collaborating on at the moment, which we should start writing up for a journal soon. If you would like, I'd be happy to add an acknowledgement of your contribution along the lines of "The authors thank the math.stackexchange.com user Paul Enta for providing an analytic expression for eq X", or similar. There is usually a short section with such notes anyway. You may reach me by email at either of the addresses listed here.
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 22 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I am happy to see that this answer can be useful to you. Thank you for proposing to acknowledge this contribution in your future paper. I think that it can be a good advertisment for MSE in your community. I wish you the best for this article and for the next ones!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:59
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Try expanding the Hypergeometric then integrating term by term
$endgroup$
– clathratus
Jan 10 at 19:34
$begingroup$
@Kyle thank you very much for your generous bounty!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:07
$begingroup$
@PaulEnta thanks for the answer! The solution of the integral goes into a computation for a measurement in astrophysics/cosmology I'm collaborating on at the moment, which we should start writing up for a journal soon. If you would like, I'd be happy to add an acknowledgement of your contribution along the lines of "The authors thank the math.stackexchange.com user Paul Enta for providing an analytic expression for eq X", or similar. There is usually a short section with such notes anyway. You may reach me by email at either of the addresses listed here.
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 22 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I am happy to see that this answer can be useful to you. Thank you for proposing to acknowledge this contribution in your future paper. I think that it can be a good advertisment for MSE in your community. I wish you the best for this article and for the next ones!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:59
$begingroup$
Try expanding the Hypergeometric then integrating term by term
$endgroup$
– clathratus
Jan 10 at 19:34
$begingroup$
Try expanding the Hypergeometric then integrating term by term
$endgroup$
– clathratus
Jan 10 at 19:34
$begingroup$
@Kyle thank you very much for your generous bounty!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:07
$begingroup$
@Kyle thank you very much for your generous bounty!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:07
$begingroup$
@PaulEnta thanks for the answer! The solution of the integral goes into a computation for a measurement in astrophysics/cosmology I'm collaborating on at the moment, which we should start writing up for a journal soon. If you would like, I'd be happy to add an acknowledgement of your contribution along the lines of "The authors thank the math.stackexchange.com user Paul Enta for providing an analytic expression for eq X", or similar. There is usually a short section with such notes anyway. You may reach me by email at either of the addresses listed here.
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 22 at 9:20
$begingroup$
@PaulEnta thanks for the answer! The solution of the integral goes into a computation for a measurement in astrophysics/cosmology I'm collaborating on at the moment, which we should start writing up for a journal soon. If you would like, I'd be happy to add an acknowledgement of your contribution along the lines of "The authors thank the math.stackexchange.com user Paul Enta for providing an analytic expression for eq X", or similar. There is usually a short section with such notes anyway. You may reach me by email at either of the addresses listed here.
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 22 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I am happy to see that this answer can be useful to you. Thank you for proposing to acknowledge this contribution in your future paper. I think that it can be a good advertisment for MSE in your community. I wish you the best for this article and for the next ones!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:59
$begingroup$
I am happy to see that this answer can be useful to you. Thank you for proposing to acknowledge this contribution in your future paper. I think that it can be a good advertisment for MSE in your community. I wish you the best for this article and for the next ones!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:59
add a comment |
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
In the following, we assume $R>r$.
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=intleft(frac{r^2}{R^2}-1right)^{frac{1}{2}}R^{a+2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};1-frac{r^2}{R^2}right){rm d}R
end{equation}
changing $u=1-r^2/R^2$, we obtain
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=ifrac{r^{a+3}}{2}int u^{frac12}left( 1-u right)^{-frac{a}{2}-frac{5}{2}}{}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};uright){rm d}u
end{equation}
where the principal determination for the square root was taken. Using the indefinite integration formula:
begin{equation}
int z^{c-1 }(1 - z)^{b - c-1}{}_2{rm F}_1left( a,b;c;z right)= z^c(1 - z)^{b - c} frac{Gamma(c)}{Gamma(c+1)} {}_2{rm F}_1left( 1+a,b;1+c;z right)
end{equation}
with $a=1/2,b=-a/2,c=3/2$, we find
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=-frac{1}{3}R^{a+3}left( frac{r^2}{R^2}-1 right)^{3/2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{3}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{5}{2};1-frac{r^2}{R^2}right)
end{equation}
which seems to be numerically correct.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
Checks out, many thanks! Out of curiosity, and for future use, what led you to that integral identity for the hypergeometric function?
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 11 at 9:29
1
$begingroup$
There are not so many indefinite integrals for the hypergeometric functions and yours seemed to be "well conditioned".
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 11 at 9:33
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
});
});
}, "mathjax-editing");
StackExchange.ready(function() {
var channelOptions = {
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "69"
};
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
createEditor();
});
}
else {
createEditor();
}
});
function createEditor() {
StackExchange.prepareEditor({
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader: {
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
},
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
});
}
});
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3068788%2fintegral-involving-hypergeometric-function%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
In the following, we assume $R>r$.
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=intleft(frac{r^2}{R^2}-1right)^{frac{1}{2}}R^{a+2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};1-frac{r^2}{R^2}right){rm d}R
end{equation}
changing $u=1-r^2/R^2$, we obtain
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=ifrac{r^{a+3}}{2}int u^{frac12}left( 1-u right)^{-frac{a}{2}-frac{5}{2}}{}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};uright){rm d}u
end{equation}
where the principal determination for the square root was taken. Using the indefinite integration formula:
begin{equation}
int z^{c-1 }(1 - z)^{b - c-1}{}_2{rm F}_1left( a,b;c;z right)= z^c(1 - z)^{b - c} frac{Gamma(c)}{Gamma(c+1)} {}_2{rm F}_1left( 1+a,b;1+c;z right)
end{equation}
with $a=1/2,b=-a/2,c=3/2$, we find
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=-frac{1}{3}R^{a+3}left( frac{r^2}{R^2}-1 right)^{3/2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{3}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{5}{2};1-frac{r^2}{R^2}right)
end{equation}
which seems to be numerically correct.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
Checks out, many thanks! Out of curiosity, and for future use, what led you to that integral identity for the hypergeometric function?
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 11 at 9:29
1
$begingroup$
There are not so many indefinite integrals for the hypergeometric functions and yours seemed to be "well conditioned".
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 11 at 9:33
add a comment |
$begingroup$
In the following, we assume $R>r$.
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=intleft(frac{r^2}{R^2}-1right)^{frac{1}{2}}R^{a+2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};1-frac{r^2}{R^2}right){rm d}R
end{equation}
changing $u=1-r^2/R^2$, we obtain
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=ifrac{r^{a+3}}{2}int u^{frac12}left( 1-u right)^{-frac{a}{2}-frac{5}{2}}{}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};uright){rm d}u
end{equation}
where the principal determination for the square root was taken. Using the indefinite integration formula:
begin{equation}
int z^{c-1 }(1 - z)^{b - c-1}{}_2{rm F}_1left( a,b;c;z right)= z^c(1 - z)^{b - c} frac{Gamma(c)}{Gamma(c+1)} {}_2{rm F}_1left( 1+a,b;1+c;z right)
end{equation}
with $a=1/2,b=-a/2,c=3/2$, we find
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=-frac{1}{3}R^{a+3}left( frac{r^2}{R^2}-1 right)^{3/2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{3}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{5}{2};1-frac{r^2}{R^2}right)
end{equation}
which seems to be numerically correct.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
Checks out, many thanks! Out of curiosity, and for future use, what led you to that integral identity for the hypergeometric function?
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 11 at 9:29
1
$begingroup$
There are not so many indefinite integrals for the hypergeometric functions and yours seemed to be "well conditioned".
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 11 at 9:33
add a comment |
$begingroup$
In the following, we assume $R>r$.
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=intleft(frac{r^2}{R^2}-1right)^{frac{1}{2}}R^{a+2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};1-frac{r^2}{R^2}right){rm d}R
end{equation}
changing $u=1-r^2/R^2$, we obtain
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=ifrac{r^{a+3}}{2}int u^{frac12}left( 1-u right)^{-frac{a}{2}-frac{5}{2}}{}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};uright){rm d}u
end{equation}
where the principal determination for the square root was taken. Using the indefinite integration formula:
begin{equation}
int z^{c-1 }(1 - z)^{b - c-1}{}_2{rm F}_1left( a,b;c;z right)= z^c(1 - z)^{b - c} frac{Gamma(c)}{Gamma(c+1)} {}_2{rm F}_1left( 1+a,b;1+c;z right)
end{equation}
with $a=1/2,b=-a/2,c=3/2$, we find
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=-frac{1}{3}R^{a+3}left( frac{r^2}{R^2}-1 right)^{3/2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{3}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{5}{2};1-frac{r^2}{R^2}right)
end{equation}
which seems to be numerically correct.
$endgroup$
In the following, we assume $R>r$.
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=intleft(frac{r^2}{R^2}-1right)^{frac{1}{2}}R^{a+2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};1-frac{r^2}{R^2}right){rm d}R
end{equation}
changing $u=1-r^2/R^2$, we obtain
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=ifrac{r^{a+3}}{2}int u^{frac12}left( 1-u right)^{-frac{a}{2}-frac{5}{2}}{}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{1}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{3}{2};uright){rm d}u
end{equation}
where the principal determination for the square root was taken. Using the indefinite integration formula:
begin{equation}
int z^{c-1 }(1 - z)^{b - c-1}{}_2{rm F}_1left( a,b;c;z right)= z^c(1 - z)^{b - c} frac{Gamma(c)}{Gamma(c+1)} {}_2{rm F}_1left( 1+a,b;1+c;z right)
end{equation}
with $a=1/2,b=-a/2,c=3/2$, we find
begin{equation}
I(r,R,a)=-frac{1}{3}R^{a+3}left( frac{r^2}{R^2}-1 right)^{3/2} {}_2{rm F}_1left(frac{3}{2},-frac{a}{2};frac{5}{2};1-frac{r^2}{R^2}right)
end{equation}
which seems to be numerically correct.
answered Jan 10 at 21:25
Paul EntaPaul Enta
5,18111334
5,18111334
$begingroup$
Checks out, many thanks! Out of curiosity, and for future use, what led you to that integral identity for the hypergeometric function?
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 11 at 9:29
1
$begingroup$
There are not so many indefinite integrals for the hypergeometric functions and yours seemed to be "well conditioned".
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 11 at 9:33
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Checks out, many thanks! Out of curiosity, and for future use, what led you to that integral identity for the hypergeometric function?
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 11 at 9:29
1
$begingroup$
There are not so many indefinite integrals for the hypergeometric functions and yours seemed to be "well conditioned".
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 11 at 9:33
$begingroup$
Checks out, many thanks! Out of curiosity, and for future use, what led you to that integral identity for the hypergeometric function?
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 11 at 9:29
$begingroup$
Checks out, many thanks! Out of curiosity, and for future use, what led you to that integral identity for the hypergeometric function?
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 11 at 9:29
1
1
$begingroup$
There are not so many indefinite integrals for the hypergeometric functions and yours seemed to be "well conditioned".
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 11 at 9:33
$begingroup$
There are not so many indefinite integrals for the hypergeometric functions and yours seemed to be "well conditioned".
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 11 at 9:33
add a comment |
Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3068788%2fintegral-involving-hypergeometric-function%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
$begingroup$
Try expanding the Hypergeometric then integrating term by term
$endgroup$
– clathratus
Jan 10 at 19:34
$begingroup$
@Kyle thank you very much for your generous bounty!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:07
$begingroup$
@PaulEnta thanks for the answer! The solution of the integral goes into a computation for a measurement in astrophysics/cosmology I'm collaborating on at the moment, which we should start writing up for a journal soon. If you would like, I'd be happy to add an acknowledgement of your contribution along the lines of "The authors thank the math.stackexchange.com user Paul Enta for providing an analytic expression for eq X", or similar. There is usually a short section with such notes anyway. You may reach me by email at either of the addresses listed here.
$endgroup$
– Kyle
Jan 22 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I am happy to see that this answer can be useful to you. Thank you for proposing to acknowledge this contribution in your future paper. I think that it can be a good advertisment for MSE in your community. I wish you the best for this article and for the next ones!
$endgroup$
– Paul Enta
Jan 22 at 9:59