Economy of Karnataka
Economy of Karnataka
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| Statistics | |
|---|---|
| GDP | ₹15.88 lakh crore (US$220 billion) (2019-20 est.)[1] |
| GDP rank | 5th |
GDP growth | 14.7% (2017-18 est.)[1] |
GDP per capita | ₹178,121 (US$2,500) (2017-18)[1] |
GDP per capita rank | 10th |
GDP by sector | Agriculture 12% Industry 22% Services 66% (2017-18)[1] |
| Unemployment | 1.5% (2015-16)[1] |
| Public finances | |
Public debt | 19.1% of GSDP (2019-20 est.)[1] |
Budget balance | ₹-42,051 crore (US$−5.9 billion) (2.65% of GSDP) (2019-20 est.) |
| Revenues | ₹2.30 lakh crore (US$32 billion) (2019-20 est.)[1] |
| Expenses | ₹2.34 lakh crore (US$33 billion) (2019-20 est.)[1] |
Karnataka is one of the highest economic growth states in India with an expected GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) growth of 8.2% in the fiscal year 2010–2011.[2][3] The total expected GSDP of Karnataka in 2010–2011 is about Rs.2719.56 billion.[3] Per capita GSDP during 2008–2009 was US$1034.9. Karnataka recorded the highest growth rates in terms of GDP and per capita GDP in the last decade compared to other states. In 2008–09, the tertiary sector contributed the most to GSDP (US$31.6 billion─55 percent), followed by the secondary sector ($17 billion─29 percent), and the primary sector (US$9.5 billion─16 percent).[4]
With an overall GDP growth of 56.2% and a per capita GDP growth of 43.9% in the last decade, Karnataka surpassed all other states in India, pushing Karnataka's per capita income in Indian Rupee terms to sixth place.[5] Karnataka received US$2,026.4 million worth of Foreign Direct Investment for the fiscal year 2008–09, placing it at the third spot among states in India.[6] At the end of 2004, the unemployment rate of Karnataka was 4.57% compared to a national rate of 5.99%.[7] For the fiscal year 2006–07 the inflation rate of Karnataka was 4.4%, which was less than the national average.[8]
Between 2011-12 and 2017-18, the GSDP of the state grew at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.11 per cent to reach Rs12.69 trillion (US$ 196.88 billion) and the net state domestic product (NSDP) grew at a CAGR of 12.83 per cent to reach Rs 11.45 trillion (US$ 177.68 billion).[9]
A fiscal year in Karnataka begins on 1 April of the previous calendar year and ends on 31 March of the year with which it is numbered.
After Bangalore urban district, Dakshina Kannada (Mangalore) and Belgaum district contribute the second and third highest revenue to the state respectively.
Contents
1 Agriculture and Livestock
1.1 Primary Crops grown in Karnataka
2 Education
3 Industry
3.1 Minerals
3.2 Information and biotechnology
3.3 Banking in Karnataka
4 Infrastructure
4.1 Physical infrastructure – roads
4.2 Physical infrastructure – ports
4.3 Physical infrastructure – airports
4.4 Physical infrastructure – railways
4.4.1 Ongoing projects
4.5 Physical infrastructure – power
4.6 Physical infrastructure – telecommunications
4.7 Industrial infrastructure
4.8 Water supply
4.9 Electrical supply
5 See also
6 Notes
Agriculture and Livestock[edit]
Haystack on stilts in paddy fields of Uttara Kannada district
Agriculture is the primary occupation of most of Karnataka's rural residents. A total of 123,100 km² of land is cultivated in Karnataka, constituting 25.3% of the total geographical area of the state.[10] According to the 2001 census, farmers and agricultural labourers formed 56% of the workforce of Karnataka.[11] Agriculture in Karnataka is heavily dependent on the southwest monsoon since the extent of arid land in the state is second only to Rajasthan.[11] Only 26.5% of sown area (30,900 km²) is subjected to irrigation.[10] The state has three agricultural seasons – Kharif (April to September), Rabi (October to December) and Summer (January to March).[10]
Given below is a table of 2015 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in Karnataka based on 2011 prices[12]
| Segment | National Share % |
|---|---|
| Mulberry | 98.7 |
| Coffee | 82.7 |
| Safflower | 62.1 |
| Ragi | 59.2 |
| Arecanut | 58.6 |
| Sunflower | 55.2 |
| Tamarind | 32.4 |
| Sericulture and Apiculture | 28.9 |
| Jowar | 26.9 |
| Horsegram | 25.6 |
| Sapota | 24.6 |
| Capsicum | 19.9 |
| Pomegranate | 19.8 |
| Water melon | 19.7 |
| Coconut | 17.3 |
| Grape | 17.3 |
| Floriculture | 16.8 |
| Narcotics | 15.9 |
| Wool and hair | 14.8 |
| Maize | 14.5 |
| Pepper | 14.2 |
| Cucumber | 13.9 |
| Condiments and spices | 13.5 |
| Sugarcane | 10.7 |
| Cashew nut | 9.6 |
| Arhar | 9.4 |
| Tobacco leaf | 9.2 |
| Tobacco stem | 9.2 |
| Fuel wood | 8.4 |
| Carrot | 7.9 |
| Tomato | 7.2 |
| Pineapple | 7.1 |
| Egg | 6.7 |
| Bean | 6.6 |
| Lemon | 6.6 |
| Pulse | 6.5 |
| Jackfruit | 6.4 |
| Turmeric | 5.8 |
| Cocoa | 5.6 |
| Groundnut | 5.6 |
| Marine fish | 5.5 |
| Ginger | 5.4 |
| Mango | 5.4 |
| Grass | 5.2 |
| Papaya | 5.2 |
| Rubber | 5.1 |
| Kitchen garden | 5.0 |
Primary Crops grown in Karnataka[edit]
The main crops grown are Rice, Ragi, Jowar (sorghum), maize, and pulses (Tur and gram) in addition to oilseeds and a number of other cash crops.[10]Cashews, coconut, arecanut, cardamom, chillies, cotton, sugarcane and tobacco are also produced. Karnataka is the largest producer of coarse cereals,[13] coffee,[14] raw silk[15] and tomatoes among the states in India. Horticultural crops are grown in an area of 16,300 km² and the annual production is about 9.58 million tons.[10] The income generated from horticulture constitutes over 40% of income generated from agriculture and it is about 17% of the state's GDP.[10] In floriculture, Karnataka occupies the second position in India in terms of production and 700 tons of flowers (worth Rs.500 million) were produced in 2004–05.[10]
Traditional Farming Methods are still in use
A majority of the thirty-five billion rupee silk industry in India is headquartered in Karnataka State, primarily in Mysore and North Bangalore regions of Doddaballapura, the site of a planned 700 million "Silk City".[16][17]
Education[edit]
Karnataka is one the largest concentrations of higher education including medical and engineering colleges. Apart from Bengaluru, places like Mangalore, Belagavi, Mysuru, Hubballi-Dharwad and Davanagere have been producing professionals for the Information Technology industry. Muddenahalli, in North Bangalore, is the site of the upcoming Sri Sathya Sai Baba University and College of Medicine and a branch of the Visvesvaraya Institute of Advanced Technology.[18]Devanahalli is set to be the location of a 95 billion Devanahalli Business Parks, which will contain Aerospace Education Special Economic Zones, near the Bengaluru International Airport. The North Bangalore region is set to be a premier educational hub of Karnataka.[19] Dharwad in the northern part of the state is another hub for education with several engineering colleges and a central university.[20] These developments are set to contribute significantly to Karnataka's economy by creating jobs, expanding educational opportunities, and spurring infrastructure development.
Industry[edit]
Karnataka evolved as the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries of India after India's independence. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited which is dedicated to research and development activities for indigenous fighter aircraft for the Indian Air Force employs over 9,500 employees making it one of the largest public sector employers in Karnataka.
Other heavy industries such as National Aerospace Laboratories, Indian Telephone Industries, Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML), Bharat Electronics Limited, Hindustan Machine Tools and Indian subsidiaries of Volvo and Toyota are also headquartered in Bangalore. India's national space agency, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), is headquartered in Bangalore and employs approximately 20,000 people.
TVS Motors has a motorcycle manufacturing plant at Mysore and Tata Motors at Dharwad. Karnataka state has many companies engaged in the manufacturing of electrical equipment and machinery like Kirloskar, ABB, Kavika, Larsen and Toubro etc. This may be due to the location of the Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) at Bangalore. Many multinational companies have set up their manufacturing units in Karnataka such as BASF, and Bosch.
The state owns sugar factories in the northern region, edible oil processing factories, pharmaceutical factories, textile processing centers, and steel producing facilities. Vishwesharaiya steel plant at Bhadravati is run by SAIL.
Minerals[edit]
Gold, iron ore, quartz, limestone, manganese, kyanite and bauxite are some of the minerals that are found in Karnataka.[21] After the closure of the Kolar Gold Fields mine, the only company in India that produces gold by mining and extracting it from the ore is Hutti Gold Mines Limited that has plants at Hutti and Chitradurga in Karnataka.[22] The major mines of manganese and iron ore are located at Sandur in Bellary district.[23] Visweswaraiah Iron and Steel Ltd. at Bhadravathi and Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Ltd. at Toranagal are engaged in the production of iron and steel. Indian Aluminium Company Ltd (Hindalco) has an aluminum plant near Belgaum.[24] Mysore Minerals Limited is in the mining and production of chromite industry in Hassan district.[24] Rajashree Cements at Adityanagar, Vasavadatta Cements at Sedam and The Associated Cement Company Ltd. at Wadi are engaged in the production of cement.[24] Uranium deposits have been found in Deshnur, a small village near Belgaum.
Information and biotechnology[edit]
Karnataka is the leader in the information technology sector in India and its capital, Bangalore, is known as the Silicon Valley of India. In the IT sector, Karnataka generated a total revenue of Rs.516.5 billion in the financial year 2006–07 which included Rs.487 billion from software exports and Rs.29.5 billion from hardware exports.[25] A total of 1973 companies in the state are involved in Information Technology-related business.[25] While the bulk of the IT related companies are located in Bangalore, some companies are located in Mysore and Mangalore as well. Bangalore is also the headquarters of Wipro and Infosys which are among the top three IT companies in India in regards to market capitalization.[26] The Nandi Hills area in Devanahalli outskirts is the site of the upcoming $22 Billion, 50 square kilometre BIAL IT Investment Region, one of the largest infrastructure projects in the history of Karnataka.[27]
As of June 2006, Karnataka housed 55% of biotechnology related companies in India.[28] Bangalore is also the home of the largest biocluster in India with total revenues of Rs.14 billion and having 158 of the 320 companies working on biotechnology in India.[28] Karnataka has a headcount of over 6,800 scientists involved in biotech research and out of twenty eight biotech companies that were registered in India in the year 2005–06, 27 were located in Karnataka.[28]
Banking in Karnataka[edit]
Karnataka, particularly the coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi, is sometimes called the "cradle of banking" in India.[29] This is because seven of the country's leading banks, Canara Bank, Syndicate Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank, Karnataka Bank, Vysya Bank and the State Bank of Mysore originated in this state.[29] The first five in the above list of banks were established in the districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi. These districts have among the best distribution of banks in India—a branch for every 500 persons.[30] Between 1880 and 1935, twenty two banks were established in coastal Karnataka, nine of them in the city of Mangalore.
As of March 2009, Karnataka had 5,759 branches of different banks servicing the people of the state.[31] The number of people served by each branch was 10,000 which was lesser than the national average of 15,000, thereby indicating better penetration of banking in the state.[31]
Infrastructure[edit]
Physical infrastructure – roads[edit]
The state is well connected to its six neighboring states and other parts of India through 14 National Highways (NH); it accounts for about six percent of the total NH network in India.
Its district centers are linked through 114 State Highways (SH)
The total road network of NH, SH, and district roads is about 2,07,379 km, of which 1,27,541 km is surfaced (61.5 percent)
Road Type Road length (km)
National highways: 4,396
State highways: 28,311
District roads: 19,801
Physical infrastructure – ports[edit]
New Mangalore Port (2010–11).
Total traffic handled: 67.30 MTA.
Total imports handled: 23.6 MTA.
Total exports handled: 32.9 MTA.
Number of vessels: 1,186
Cruise vessels: 26
Revenue: US$65 million
KarwarPort (2007–08)
Total cargo handled: 2.7 MTA
Total imports and exports: 6 MTA
Revenue: US$2.7 million
25 Private liquid cargo tanks: 75,000 MT
Physical infrastructure – airports[edit]
Domestic airports: Belgaum Airport, Mysore Airport and Hubli Airport
The curbside at Bangalore airport
International airports
'Kempegowda International Airport', Devanahalli
Commissioned: May 2008
Area: 4,050 acres (16.4 km2).
Capacity: 11 million paxp.a.
Aircraft Movements: 63,500
Third busiest airport in India (after Mumbai and Delhi).
'Mangalore International Airport', Bajpe
Commissioned: December 1951
Passenger movements: 1,302,561
Aircraft movements: 11,861
Runways: 5300 ft. (Asphalt) and 8,038 ft. (concrete).
The only airport in Karnataka with two runways.
Physical infrastructure – railways[edit]
Railway network of 3,172 km
Urban transport
Metro rail and mono-rail projects are underway in Bangalore. The first phase of the Namma Metro will cover a total of 42.3 km
Ongoing projects[edit]
Hassan–Sakhleshpura–Mangalore line gauge conversion is completed. Both freight and passenger trains run on this route on a daily basis connecting the seaport city of Mangaluru to the state capital of Bengaluru and Mysooru.
Key connectivity projects, doubling of Mysore–Bangalore railway line, Gadag–Bagalokot, Bangalore–Hassan to be taken up in the near future.
Physical infrastructure – power[edit]
Generation: Karnataka Power Corporation Limited and IPPs (GMR/Jindal/ Bhoruka)
KPCL has an installed capacity of over 9315 MW.
Number of consumers: 16.3 million
Independent power producers have installed capacity of 2,005 MW.
- KPCL -Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd.
- IPPs is Independent Power Producers
Transmission: Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL).
Area covered: 192,000 km2.
Sub stations: 1,205
Transmission lines: 28,000 km,33 kV, 130,000 km of 11 kV.
LT lines: 451855 km
Distribution transformers: 1,50,000
Physical infrastructure – power
Distribution/supply: Electricity Supply Companies (ESCOMs)
Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM)
Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM)
HubliElectricity Supply Company (HESCOM)
Gulbarga Electric Supply Company (GESCOM)
ChamundeshwariElectric Supply Corporation (CESC)
Source: ―Power sector at a glance as on July 2009‖, Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited website, accessed 23 September 2009.
Physical infrastructure – telecommunications[edit]
Leading telecom companies in the sectors of telecommunication network, basic telephony services (both wire line and wireless) and networking services for telecommunication equipment are operating in the state.
The entire State is networked via Optic FibreCables (OFC) by the state-run BSNL (formerly DOT) as well as private companies like Bharti, Reliance, VSNL and TATA Tele Services.
Last Mile Access is provided by BSNL as well as TATA Tele Services in various parts of the state. Bhartiand Reliance Communications provide the Last Mile Access directly to the customer in all major cities in Karnataka.
Seven new telephone exchanges were opened in 2007–2008.
Active telecom service providers in Karnataka.
BSNL, BhartiAirtel, Reliance Communications,Vodafone Essar, Spice Communications,Tata Teleservices Ltd.
Key statistics (2007–08)
Cellular subscribers : About 10 million
Internet/broadband
Subscribers: About 0.8 million
Telecom towers: About 14,000
Post offices: 9,826
Telephone connections provided: 2,610
Telephone exchanges: 2,727
Industrial infrastructure[edit]
Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board (KIADB) and Karnataka State Industrial Investment Development Corporation (KSIIDC) are jointly responsible for the development of industrial infrastructure in the state.
Directorate of Commerce and Industries has set up a district and taluk industrial centres across the state to facilitate investment
The Government of Karnataka is promoting the development of several SEZs across Karnataka such as pharma and biotech SEZ, food processing and agro-based industries and textiles SEZ at Hassan and IT and Coastal SEZs at Mangalore.
Key industrial clusters
IT/ITES cluster in electronic city and Whitefield (Bangalore).
Biotech park/cluster in electronic city, Bangalore.
Integrated Food Parks in Hiriyur, Bagalkote, Jewargi & Malur for pay-n-use common facilities & MSME Food Processing Manufacturers
Machine tool cluster at Peenyaindustrial estate
Textile cluster at Doddaballapur
Foundry cluster at Belgaum
Industrial valve cluster at Hubli–Dharwad
Coir clusters at Hassan.
Handicrafts cluster at Channapatna.
Coffee production and processing cluster in Madekeri
SEZs in Karnataka
Notified: 27
Formal approvals: 52
In-principle approvals: 9
Source: StatewiseSEZs in India, www.sezindia.nic.in. accessed 23 September 2009
[4]
Water supply[edit]
The water supply is provided by the local authorities like municipalities and panchayats. The first hydroelectric plant in the state was built at Shivanasamudra Falls on the Kaveri River in 1902.[32]
Electrical supply[edit]
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is the sole provider of electricity for the state. The Linganamakki reservoir will supply around 35 percent of power to the state. Electric power from KPTCL is distributed through distribution companies like BESCOM (Bangalore Electricity Supply Company), MESCOM (Mangalore Electricity Supply Company), GESCOM (Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company), HESCOM (Hubli Electricity Supply Company) and CESCOM (Chamundesvary Electricity Supply Company) for different parts of the state. A good number of windmills were present. The Raichur Thermal Power Station and Near Bellary (Kuduthini). Karnataka is also the location of companies like SELCO (India), which is promoting the use of solar electricity among the rural areas of the state and is also a twice winner of the Ashden Awards.
See also[edit]
- Economy of Bangalore
- Economy of Mangalore
- Mysore
Notes[edit]
^ abcdefgh "Karnataka Budget Analysis 2019-20" (PDF). PRS Legislative Research. Retrieved 16 February 2019..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "State's economic growth poised at 8.2 per cent". Online webpage of the Hindu, dated 2011-02-24. Chennai, India: 2011, The Hindu. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
^ ab "Karnataka" (PDF). Online webpage of the India Brand Equity Foundation. Ministry of Commerce with the Confederation of Indian Industry. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
^ ab "STATE ECONOMY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE Karnataka" (PDF). Department of Commerce & Industry. India Brand Equity Foundation. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
^ "In terms of per capita GDP – Karnataka, Bengal fastest growing States". Online webpage of the Hindu, dated 2005-06-09. 2005, The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
^ "Karnataka stands 3rd for FDI inflows in India after Maharashtra ,Gujarat". Online webpage of Deccan Herald, dated 2010-12-24. Bangalore, India: 2010, Deccan Herald. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
^ Government of India. "Employment and Unemployment" (PDF). Online webpage of Indian budget. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
^ "Budget 2006–2007". Online webpage of the Finance Department. Government of Karnataka. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
^ "GSDP of Karnataka, Manufacturing Industries in Karnataka". www.ibef.org. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
^ abcdefg "Karnataka Agricultural Policy 2006" (PDF). Online webpage of Department of Agriculturesankalp. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
^ ab "Karnataka Human Development Report 2005" (PDF). Online webpage of the Planning Commission. Government of India. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
^ 2015 agricultural output of Karnataka based on 2011 prices
^ "Area, Production and Yield of Coarse Cereals during 2004–05 and 2005–06 in respect of major Coarse Cereals Producing States along with coverage under Irrigation". Online webpage of DACNET. Government of India. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
^ "Coffee data". Online webpage of Coffee Board of India. Archived from the original on 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
^ "Bamboo in Sericulture". Online webpage: TECA – Technology for Agriculture. FAO, United Nations. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
^ "Silk city to come up near B'lore". Deccan Herald. 17 October 2009.
^ "Karnataka silk weavers fret over falling profits due to globalisation". Sify.
^ "International sports village location to be finalised soon". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 July 2009.
^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/09/05/stories/2009090551001700.htm
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-21.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ "List of Mining Leases in Karnataka". Online Webpage of the Department of the Mines and Geology. Govt. of Karnataka. Archived from the original on 11 April 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
^ Amit Mitra. "Global mining houses on `gold rush' to India". Online Webpage of the Hindu Business line 2004-09-26. 2004, The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
^ Madhumathi D.S. "Sandur Manganese set to clear dues". Online Webpage of the Hindu Business line 2004-04-10. 2004, The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
^ abc Chin S Kuo. "The Mineral Industry of India" (PDF). Online Webpage of the U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
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^ "TCS topples Infosys as m-cap leader in IT space". Online Edition of The Economic Times, dated 2006-07-14. 2007 Times Internet Limited. 14 July 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
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^ abc "Bangalore tops biocluster list with Rs 1,400-cr revenue". Online Edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2006-06-08. 2006, The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
^ ab Ravi Sharma. "Building on a strong base". Online Webpage of The Frontline, Volume 22 – Issue 21, Oct. 08 – 21, 2005. 2005, Frontline. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
^ Ravi Sharma (19 July – 1 August 2003). "A pioneer's progress". Online Edition of the Frontline. 2003, Frontline. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
^ ab "State/Union Territory-Wise Number of Branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks and Average Population Per Bank Branch – March 2009" (PDF). Online webpage of the Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
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