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2000 United States Census











2000 United States Census




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Twenty-second Census
of the United States

← 1990


2010 →


Seal of the United States Census Bureau.svg
U.S. Census Bureau Seal


US-Census-2000Logo.svg
Census Logo

General information
Country United States
Date taken April 1, 2000
Total population 281,421,906
Percent change
Increase 13.2%
Most populous state
California
33,871,648
Least populous state
Wyoming
493,782

The Twenty-second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 people enumerated during the 1990 Census.[1] This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States.[2]


Approximately 16 percent of households received a "long form" of the 2000 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.


This was the first census in which a state – California – recorded a population of over 30 million, as well as the first in which two states – California and Texas – recorded a population of more than 20 million.




Contents






  • 1 Data availability


  • 2 State rankings


  • 3 City rankings


    • 3.1 Top 100




  • 4 Population profile


  • 5 Changes in population


  • 6 Reapportionment


  • 7 Adjustment controversy


  • 8 Utah controversy


  • 9 Gay and lesbian controversy


  • 10 References


  • 11 Further reading


  • 12 External links


    • 12.1 United States Census Bureau


    • 12.2 Other 2000 census websites







Data availability[edit]


Microdata from the 2000 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.
Personally identifiable information will be available in 2072.[3]



State rankings[edit]












































































































































































































































































































































































































































Rank

State

Population as of
1990 Census[4]


Population as of
2000 Census[4]


Change

Percent
change
1

 California
29,760,021
33,871,648

Increase 4,111,627

Increase 13.8%
2

 Texas
16,986,510
20,851,820

Increase 3,865,510

Increase 22.8%
3

 New York
17,990,455
18,976,457

Increase 986,002

Increase 5.5%
4

 Florida
12,937,926
15,982,378

Increase 3,044,452

Increase 23.5%
5

 Illinois
11,430,602
12,419,293

Increase 988,691

Increase 8.6%
6

 Pennsylvania
11,881,643
12,281,054

Increase 399,411

Increase 3.4%
7

 Ohio
10,847,115
11,353,140

Increase 506,025

Increase 4.7%
8

 Michigan
9,295,297
9,938,444

Increase 643,147

Increase 6.9%
9

 New Jersey
7,730,188
8,414,350

Increase 684,162

Increase 8.9%
10

 Georgia
6,478,216
8,186,453

Increase 1,708,237

Increase 26.4%
11

 North Carolina
6,628,637
8,049,313

Increase 1,420,676

Increase 21.4%
12

 Virginia
6,187,358
7,078,515

Increase 891,157

Increase 14.4%
13

 Massachusetts
6,016,425
6,349,097

Increase 332,672

Increase 5.5%
14

 Indiana
5,544,159
6,080,485

Increase 536,326

Increase 9.7%
15

 Washington
4,866,692
5,894,121

Increase 1,027,429

Increase 21.1%
16

 Tennessee
4,877,185
5,689,283

Increase 812,098

Increase 16.7%
17

 Missouri
5,117,073
5,595,211

Increase 478,138

Increase 9.3%
18

 Wisconsin
4,891,769
5,363,675

Increase 471,906

Increase 9.6%
19

 Maryland
4,781,468
5,296,486

Increase 515,018

Increase 10.8%
20

 Arizona
3,665,228
5,130,632

Increase 1,465,404

Increase 40.0%
21

 Minnesota
4,375,099
4,919,479

Increase 544,380

Increase 12.4%
22

 Louisiana
4,219,973
4,468,976

Increase 249,003

Increase 5.9%
23

 Alabama
4,040,587
4,447,100

Increase 406,513

Increase 10.1%
24

 Colorado
3,294,394
4,301,261

Increase 1,006,867

Increase 30.6%
25

 Kentucky
3,685,296
4,041,769

Increase 356,473

Increase 9.7%
26

 South Carolina
3,486,703
4,012,012

Increase 525,309

Increase 15.1%
27

 Oklahoma
3,145,585
3,450,654

Increase 305,069

Increase 9.7%
28

 Oregon
2,842,321
3,421,399

Increase 579,078

Increase 20.4%
29

 Connecticut
3,287,116
3,405,565

Increase 118,449

Increase 3.6%
30

 Iowa
2,776,755
2,926,324

Increase 149,569

Increase 5.4%
31

 Mississippi
2,573,216
2,844,658

Increase 271,442

Increase 10.5%
32

 Kansas
2,477,574
2,688,418

Increase 210,844

Increase 8.5%
33

 Arkansas
2,350,725
2,673,400

Increase 322,675

Increase 13.7%
34

 Utah
1,722,850
2,233,169

Increase 510,319

Increase 29.6%
35

 Nevada
1,201,833
1,998,257

Increase 796,424

Increase 66.3%
36

 New Mexico
1,515,069
1,819,046

Increase 303,977

Increase 20.1%
37

 West Virginia
1,793,477
1,808,344

Increase 14,867

Increase 0.8%
38

 Nebraska
1,578,385
1,711,263

Increase 132,878

Increase 8.4%
39

 Idaho
1,006,749
1,293,953

Increase 287,204

Increase 28.5%
40

 Maine
1,227,928
1,274,923

Increase 46,995

Increase 3.8%
41

 New Hampshire
1,109,252
1,235,786

Increase 126,534

Increase 11.4%
42

 Hawaii
1,108,229
1,211,537

Increase 103,308

Increase 9.3%
43

 Rhode Island
1,003,464
1,048,319

Increase 44,855

Increase 4.5%
44

 Montana
799,065
902,195

Increase 103,130

Increase 12.9%
45

 Delaware
666,168
783,600

Increase 117,432

Increase 17.6%
46

 South Dakota
696,004
754,844

Increase 58,840

Increase 8.5%
47

  North Dakota
638,800
642,200

Increase 3,400

Increase 0.5%
48

 Alaska
550,043
626,932

Increase 76,889

Increase 14.0%
49

 Vermont
562,758
608,827

Increase 46,069

Increase 8.2%


 District of Columbia
606,900
572,059

Decrease -34,841

Decrease -5.7%
50

 Wyoming
453,588
493,782

Increase 40,194

Increase 8.9%
 

 United States

248,709,873

281,421,906

32,712,033

13.2%


City rankings[edit]



Top 100[edit]






































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Rank City State Population[5]

Region
1 New York NY 8,008,278
Northeast
2 Los Angeles CA 3,694,820
West
3 Chicago IL 2,896,016
Midwest
4 Houston TX 1,953,631
South
5 Philadelphia PA 1,517,550
Northeast
6 Phoenix AZ 1,321,045
West
7 San Diego CA 1,223,400
West
8 Dallas TX 1,188,580
South
9 San Antonio TX 1,144,646
South
10 Detroit MI 951,270
Midwest
11 San Jose CA 894,943
West
12 Indianapolis IN 791,926
Midwest
13 San Francisco CA 776,733
West
14 Jacksonville FL 735,617
South
15 Columbus OH 711,470
Midwest
16 Austin TX 656,562
South
17 Baltimore MD 651,154
South
18 Memphis TN 650,100
South
19 Milwaukee WI 596,974
Midwest
20 Boston MA 589,141
Northeast
21 Washington DC 572,059
South
22 Nashville-Davidson TN 569,891
South
23 El Paso TX 563,662
South
24 Seattle WA 563,374
West
25 Denver CO 554,636
West
26 Charlotte NC 540,828
South
27 Fort Worth TX 534,694
South
28 Portland OR 529,121
West
29 Oklahoma City OK 506,132
South
30 Tucson AZ 486,699
West
31 New Orleans LA 484,674
South
32 Las Vegas NV 478,434
West
33 Cleveland OH 478,403
Midwest
34 Long Beach CA 461,522
West
35 Albuquerque NM 448,607
West
36 Kansas City MO 441,545
Midwest
37 Fresno CA 427,652
West
38 Virginia Beach VA 425,257
South
39 San Juan Puerto Rico 421,958
40 Atlanta GA 416,474
South
41 Sacramento CA 407,018
West
42 Oakland CA 399,484
West
43 Mesa AZ 396,375
West
44 Tulsa OK 393,049
South
45 Omaha NE 390,007
Midwest
46 Minneapolis MN 382,618
Midwest
47 Honolulu HI 371,657
West
48 Miami FL 362,470
South
49 Colorado Springs CO 360,890
West
50 St. Louis MO 348,189
Midwest
51 Wichita KS 344,284
Midwest
52 Santa Ana CA 337,977
West
53 Pittsburgh PA 334,563
Northeast
54 Arlington TX 332,969
South
55 Cincinnati OH 331,285
Midwest
56 Anaheim CA 328,014
West
57 Toledo OH 313,619
Midwest
58 Tampa FL 303,447
South
59 Buffalo NY 292,648
Northeast
60 St. Paul MN 287,151
Midwest
61 Corpus Christi TX 277,454
South
62 Aurora CO 276,393
West
63 Raleigh NC 276,093
South
64 Newark NJ 273,546
Northeast
65 Lexington-Fayette KY 260,512
South
66 Anchorage AK 260,283
West
67 Louisville KY 256,231
South
68 Riverside CA 255,166
West
69 St. Petersburg FL 248,232
South
70 Bakersfield CA 247,057
West
71 Stockton CA 243,771
West
72 Birmingham AL 242,820
South
73 Jersey City NJ 240,055
Northeast
74 Norfolk VA 234,403
South
75 Baton Rouge LA 227,818
South
76 Hialeah FL 226,419
South
77 Lincoln NE 225,581
Midwest
78 Greensboro NC 223,891
South
79 Plano TX 222,030
South
80 Rochester NY 219,773
Northeast
81 Glendale AZ 218,812
West
82 Akron OH 217,074
Midwest
83 Garland TX 215,768
South
84 Madison WI 208,054
Midwest
85 Fort Wayne IN 205,727
Midwest
86 Bayamon Puerto Rico 203,499
87 Fremont CA 203,413
West
88 Scottsdale AZ 202,705
West
89 Montgomery AL 201,568
South
90 Shreveport LA 200,145
South
91 Augusta-Richmond County GA 199,775
South
92 Lubbock TX 199,564
South
93 Chesapeake VA 199,184
South
94 Mobile AL 198,915
South
95 Des Moines IA 198,682
Midwest
96 Grand Rapids MI 197,800
Midwest
97 Richmond VA 197,790
South
98 Yonkers NY 196,086
Northeast
99 Spokane WA 195,629
West
100 Glendale CA 194,973
West


Population profile[edit]



The U.S. resident population includes the total number of people in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico; its population was 3,808,610, an 8.1% increase over the number from a decade earlier.


In an introduction to a more detailed population profile (see references below), the Census Bureau highlighted the following facts about U.S. population dynamics:



  • 75% of respondents said they were White or Caucasian and no other race;


  • Hispanics accounted for 12.5% of the U.S. population, up from 9% in 1990;

  • 12.4% (34.5 million Americans) were of German descent; German Americans

  • 12.3% were of Black or African American descent;

  • 3.6% of respondents were Asian;

  • 2.4% (6.8 million Americans)[6] of respondents were multiracial (2 or more races). The 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided.

  • Between 1990 and 2000, the population aged 45 to 54 grew by 49% and those aged 85 and older grew 38%;

  • Women outnumbered men two to one among those aged 85 and older;

  • Almost one in five adults had some type of disability in 1997 and the likelihood of having a disability increased with age;

  • Families (as opposed to men or women living alone) still dominated American households, but less so than they did thirty years ago;

  • Since 1993, both families and non-families have seen median household incomes rise, with "households headed by a woman without a spouse present" growing the fastest;

  • People in married-couple families had the lowest poverty rates;

  • The poor of any age were more likely than others to lack health insurance coverage;

  • The number of elementary and high school students in 2000 fell just short of the all-time high of 49 million reached in 1970;

  • Improvements in educational attainment cross racial and ethnic lines; and

  • The majority (51%) of U.S. households had access to computers; 42% have Internet access.[7]



Changes in population[edit]


Regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nation's population increase, 14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the mean center of U.S. population moved to Phelps County, Missouri. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149; the Midwest by 4,724,144.


2000-census-percent-change.png


2000-census-numeric-change.png



(maps not to scale)



Reapportionment[edit]


2000 census reapportionment.svg


The results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U.S. Code, to reapportion among the states the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives. The apportionment population consists of the resident population of the fifty states, plus the overseas military and federal civilian employees and their dependents living with them who could be allocated to a state. Each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S. House of Representatives.


Since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." In 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, and in 1911 the number of representatives was fixed at 435. Today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents.



Adjustment controversy[edit]


In the years leading up to the 2000 census, there was substantial controversy over whether the Bureau should adjust census figures based on a follow-up survey, called the post-enumeration survey, of a sample of blocks. (In 1999, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the Constitution prohibits the use of such figures for apportionment purposes, but it may be permissible for other purposes where feasible.) The controversy was partly technical, but also partly political, since based on data from the 1990 census both parties believed that adjustment would likely have the effect, after redistricting, of slightly increasing Democratic representation in legislative bodies, but would also give Utah an additional, probably Republican, representative to Congress.[8][9]


Following the census, discrepancies between the adjusted census figures and demographic estimates of population change could not be resolved in time to meet legal deadlines for the provision of redistricting data, and the Census Bureau therefore recommended that the unadjusted results be used for this purpose.[10] This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce (the official in charge of making the determination).



Utah controversy[edit]


After the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth congressional seat, falling 857 people short, which in turn was allocated to North Carolina. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the federal government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents.[11] The Census Bureau counted members of the military and other federal civilian employees serving abroad as residents of their home state but did not count other individuals living outside the United States. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents and that the failure to do so imposed a burden on Mormon religious practice. Almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah; only 102 came from North Carolina. If this policy were changed, then Utah would have received an additional seat instead of North Carolina. On November 26, 2002, the Supreme Court affirmed the lower court ruling that rejected Utah's efforts to have Mormon missionaries counted.[12]


The state of Utah then filed another lawsuit alleging that the statistical methods used in computing the state populations were improper and cost Utah the seat. The Bureau uses a method called imputation to assign a number of residents to addresses where residents cannot be reached after multiple efforts. While nationwide the imputation method added .4% to the population, the rate in Utah was .2%. The state challenged that the use of imputation violates the Census Act of 1957 and that it also fails the Constitution's requirement in Article I, Section 2 that an "actual enumeration" be used for apportionment.[13] This case, Utah v. Evans, made it to the Supreme Court, but Utah was again defeated.[14]



Gay and lesbian controversy[edit]




Census 2000 Long Form Questionnaire showing the Person 2 section including questions 2 and 3 which allow data to be compiled regarding same-sex partners


The census forms did not include any questions regarding sexual orientation, making it impossible to compile data comparing heterosexual and homosexual populations. However, two questions were asked that allowed same-sex partnerships to be counted. The questionnaires asked the sex of each person in a household and they asked what the relationship was between each of the members of the household. Respondents could check "Husband/wife" or "unmarried partner" or a number of other relationships.[15][16] Responses were tabulated and the Census Bureau reported that there were more than 658,000 same-sex couples heading households in the United States. However, only about 25% of gay men and 40% of lesbians are in shared-household partnerships at any one time, according to non-Census surveys.[17] For every same-sex couple tallied in the census, there could be three to six more homosexual un-partnered individuals who would not be counted as gay. The Census reported that same-sex male couples numbered 336,001 and female same-sex couples numbered 329,522.[18] Extrapolating from those figures and the surveyed partnering habits of homosexuals, as many as 4.3 million homosexual adults could have been living in the U.S. in 2000. The exact number cannot be known because the Census did not count them specifically. Bisexual and transgender populations were not counted, either, because there were no questions regarding this information. Also unavailable is the number of additional same-sex couples living under the same roof as the first, though this applies to additional heterosexual couples as well. The lack of accurate numbers makes it difficult for lawmakers who are considering legislation on hate crimes or social services for gay families with children.[19] It also makes for less accuracy when predicting the fertility of a population.[20]


Another issue that concerned gay rights advocates involved the automatic changing of data during the tabulation process. This automatic software data compiling method, called allocation, was designed to counteract mistakes and discrepancies in returned questionnaires. Forms that were filled out by two same-sex persons who checked the "Husband/wife" relationship box were treated as a discrepancy. The Census Bureau explained that same-sex "Husband/wife" data samples were changed to "unmarried partner" by computer processing methods in 99% of the cases. In the remaining 1%, computer systems used one of two possibilities: a) one of the two listed sexes was changed, making the partnership appear heterosexual, or b) if the two partners were more than 15 years apart in age, they might have been reassigned into a familial parent/child relationship.[21] The process of automatic reassignment of same-sex marriage data was initiated so that the Census Bureau would not contravene the Defense of Marriage Act passed in 1996. The Act states:


.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}

In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the word 'marriage' means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word 'spouse' refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or wife.[21]


With allocation moving married same-sex couples to the unmarried partner category, social scientists lost information that could have been extracted relating to the social stability of a same gender couple who identify themselves as married.[20]



References[edit]





  1. ^ "Population and Area (Historical Censuses)" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2008..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Census.gov ''Introduction to Census 2000 Data Products''" (PDF). Retrieved April 25, 2011.


  3. ^ PIO, US Census Bureau, Census History Staff,. "The "72-Year Rule" – History – U.S. Census Bureau". www.census.gov. Retrieved October 26, 2015.


  4. ^ ab "Resident Population of the 50 States, and the District of Columbia April 1, 2000 (Census 2000) and April 1, 1990 (1990 Census)". United States Census Bureau. December 28, 2000. Retrieved August 24, 2012.


  5. ^ "Ranking Tables for Incorporated Places of 100,000 or More", Census 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, 2001


  6. ^ Jayson, Sharon. "'Colorblind' Generation Doesn't Blink at interracial Relationships." USA TODAY. February 7, 2006: n.p. SIRS Researcher. Web. October 25, 2010.


  7. ^ Newburger, Eric (September 2001). "Home Computers and Internet Use in the United States: August 2000" (PDF). Current Population Reports. U.S. CENSUS BUREAU: 1–2. Retrieved December 5, 2014.


  8. ^ "Partisan Politics at Work:Sampling and the 2000 Census". American Political Science Association. JSTOR 420917.


  9. ^ [1] Archived January 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine


  10. ^ "Census 2000 ESCAP". Census.gov. Retrieved April 25, 2011.


  11. ^ "Census Blooper Costly for Utah; Error May Have Resulted in Loss of House Seat". The Salt Lake Tribune. October 1, 2003. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.


  12. ^ Greenhouse, Linda. "Justices Deal Utah a Setback In Its Bid to Gain a House Seat", The New York Times, November 27, 2001. Accessed July 16, 2008.


  13. ^ Greenhouse, Linda. "Supreme Court Roundup; Justices to Hear Utah's Challenge to Procedure in 2000 Census", The New York Times, January 23, 2002. Accessed July 16, 2008.


  14. ^ Greenhouse, Linda. "THE SUPREME COURT: RIGHT TO PRIVACY; Supreme Court Finds Law On Educational Privacy Isn't Meant for Individuals", The New York Times, June 21, 2002. Accessed July 16, 2008.


  15. ^ "Census 2000 Long Form Questionnaire" (PDF). Archived from the original on October 15, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2011.


  16. ^ "Census 2000 Short Form Questionnaire" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.


  17. ^ "Gay and Lesbian Demographics". Urban.org. Archived from the original on April 28, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.


  18. ^ "US Census unmarried couple data listed by state". Gaydemographics.org. Archived from the original on August 18, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2011.


  19. ^ Ly, Phuong (March 12, 2000). "The Washington Post, March 12, 2000. Be Counted In Census, Groups Urge Gay Live-Ins". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Retrieved April 25, 2011.


  20. ^ ab "Unbinding the Ties: Edit Effects of Marital Status on Same Gender Couples". Census.gov. January 7, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2011.


  21. ^ ab "Technical Note on Same-Sex Unmarried Partner Data From the 1990 and 2000 Censuses". Census.gov. January 7, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2011.



Sources


.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}

  • Constitution Article I Section II re Enumeration and Apportionment



Further reading[edit]



  • Anderson, Margo; Fienberg, Stephen E. (1999). "To Sample or Not to Sample? The 2000 Census Controversy". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 30 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1162/002219599551895..


External links[edit]







United States Census Bureau[edit]



  • Census 2000 gateway

  • Population Profile of the United States: 2000


  • Population Profile Introductory slide show, in MS Powerpoint format


  • State and County QuickFacts, the most requested information


  • American FactFinder, for population, housing, economic, and geographic data

  • 2000 United States Census Form


  • 2001 U.S Census Report Contains 2000 Census results



Other 2000 census websites[edit]




  • MLA Language Map from the Modern Language Association


  • How the Census Works via Howstuffworks.com












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